How to Write an Excellent Coursework

A coursework writing is a rather broad term that may encompass a diverse set of tasks depending on context. The primary goal of a coursework is to define what a student has learnt throughout a course or a year of education. In addition to that, in university or college its main goal is to broaden students’ knowledge, teach them how to perform independent research (or, in case of group work, do it as a part of a team), and enhance the ability to use external information sources. In any case, to succeed with this task you will need a plan of action – and this is what we are going to provide you with. Preparatory Work A coursework may be in a number of different formats, but whichever you deal with doesn’t change the fact that you should prepare carefully before doing any actual writing. Selecting a Topic Usually your coursework is supposed to test your ability to work independently on every stage of the process, which is why you are often given considerable freedom in the choice of topic, although usually in confines of some general area. Here is what you should look at in the topic you choose: Ideally, it should be something you are personally interested and/or well-versed in. It is always more pleasant to write about a thing that means something for you than on a topic that bores you to tears. Moreover, when you research and write about an object of genuine interest, you usually get better results with less effort; Avoid both overly banal and overly obscure topics. The former immediately decrease the value of your work in the eyes of your teacher, the latter may be too hard to write. Even the most interesting topic won’t account to much if you are unable to find information sources on it; Avoid both overgeneralized and overspecialized topics. It is hard to write a comprehensive study of a general topic in a rather limited space of a coursework, and in case of a very narrow topic you may find yourself unable to say all that much. Consult your teachers, especially the one who supervises your work. Mention the topic you’ve chosen and ask for suggestions on how to improve, narrow down or broaden it up. Don’t ignore their suggestions – they’ve been dealing with this for a long time, and have a good idea of what works and what doesn’t. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BApOhnH9RFc Planning the Coursework After you’ve decided on a particular topic, it’s time to plan everything out, decide on research methods and points you are going to cover. Take into consideration the fact that depending on your academic level, discipline, university you attend and even teacher’s/professor’s preferences, the shape and structure of your coursework may differ drastically. Always consult the official guidelines and ask your immediate supervisor for clarifications if you are unsure of anything – what your teacher says to you takes precedence over everything else, so don’t change the structure just because an online guide suggests that sections should follow a different order or be different altogether. In most cases, a coursework’s structure can be boiled down to the following sections: Introduction Here you introduce your topic, try to grasp the reader’s attention, explain why you consider the topic in question to be important and generally set stage for the rest of the work. Discussion Then you introduce all the new information, recount the research methods you’ve used and the results of your investigation. You may also cover possible counter arguments and why you consider them insufficient. Conclusion Here you sum everything up and demonstrate that you’ve successfully and satisfyingly answered the question. Before you start any serious work, you should have a more or less clear idea what you are going to research or prove, what ideas and arguments you are going to use in support of your line of reasoning and how you are going to move from one point to another. In order to prepare any usable plan, after you’ve decided upon the topic you have to do some preliminary reading and Internet surfing on it. There are many reasons to do so: It will show you whether there are enough easily available information sources to base your research on. If you have a hard time finding useful data on the subject, perhaps you should think about broadening the topic or changing it altogether; You will be able to make some notes that can be used later. Also, if you see any additional sources mentioned at this point, make sure to note them down for future use; It will give you an idea about which research methods will be the most suitable for this particular case. Choose Research Methods Depending on the discipline you study, topic and the size of assignment, methods of research you may use may differ rather drastically. Just some of the possibilities include: Laboratory work and experiments; Polls and surveys; Other observational studies; Research of information sources on the subject; Comparisons; Analysis; Interviewing; And so on. Source: https://sociologytwynham.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/research-methods-key-issues.png In the long run, you are only limited by your own ingenuity and relevance of this or that method to your particular case. Make sure you discuss the approaches you are going to use with your supervisor – he may either dissuade you from using methods that would be inefficient in your situation, or suggest a change in the general line of research. Either way, do not ignore these tips. Research It is hard to give any concrete tips here, due to all the different kinds of research you may have to carry out. However, some general advice may be in order. Prepare the required research equipment in advance. The less you have to worry about immediate necessities in the process of research, the better; Decide where you are going to get the necessary information. If you’ve marked down some books or other information sources during the preliminary reading, make sure you have them on hand; Irrespectively of what kind of research you do, don’t forget to make notes in the process; If you find out that the plan of your coursework doesn’t live up to your current needs, feel free to alter it. Writing a Coursework Contrary to what you may have believed, writing per se isn’t the main part of your coursework. If you’ve done preparatory work carefully and deliberately, it will be just a matter of putting all your findings on paper. However, you may find it necessary to review your previous findings and look for additional information as you go along, which can prolong the writing process – and that means that you should always work under the assumption that you are going to need more time than it feels like. The main stages of writing process should go along the following lines. Writing an Outline In a nutshell, an outline is a more detailed version of plan. While in a plan you simply enumerate the basic parts of your coursework and points you are going to cover in each of them, the outline adds a little bit of meat to the bone. Introduction You may already decide upon what kind of â€Å"hook† you are going to use to grasp the reader’s attention, although you don’t have to – usually an introduction is the last thing to be written. However, if you have a promising idea at this point, make sure to write it down. Either way, now that you have all your research done, you have some idea to what conclusions your coursework is going to come, so build the introduction accordingly. Discussion/Main Part Depending on what it will contain, you have to mark it all down and write a couple of sentences of elaboration. If you use a particular research method, mention it and what findings it resulted in. If you cover five points supporting some general idea, describe each point in several sentences and mark down its connections to other points as well as why it is important as a part of a bigger picture. Conclusion You already have research results on hand, so you don’t have to invent anything. Just write down the main result of your coursework and what it signifies. Writing the Coursework If you have trouble starting to write the coursework per se, don’t worry – you are not alone in this predicament. A lot of students find it problematic to start out – the main point here is to take the first step and begin to write, no matter how, no matter what. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vjGUkcnTg0 Usually it is recommended to write the main part first, then conclusion, and introduction last of all. Reasoning behind this is as follows: introduction is the most important part of any work, because it defines the first impression and, to a very large extent, how the reader is going to perceive the text in its entirety. Therefore, it is better to write it after the rest of the work is done and you have a very clear idea of what your coursework is about, what conclusions you’ve made and what arguments you’ve used to prove them. However, if you find it easier to write from the beginning to end, you can easily do just that – just be ready to revise or even completely rewrite the introduction afterwards. The same goes for any part of the coursework – your first draft is just a first draft, it doesn’t have to be final, so feel free to write whatever feels right at the moment. After you’ve finished writing, it may be a good idea to leave your assignment for a day or two, if time permits, and only then start revising and editing it. After you’ve been working on an assignment for a long time you get used to take certain things for granted and unconsciously skim over them, sometimes missing mistakes and inconsistencies. If you give your brain time to rest from the coursework, you will be able to see it from a fresher perspective. Asking someone else to read it for is a good idea as well. Points to Consider Coursework is a very open-ended task, and many of its aspects are heavily dependent on the exact instructions you receive from your supervisor. However, there are points you should take close to heart no matter what discipline, topic and subject you cover. If you’ve spent less than about 60% of time allocated for the entire coursework on research, you are most likely doing something wrong. Research is not just a preliminary stage to get over with fast so that you can get to real work; it is real work, writing is just kind of a postscript. So, if you feel that research takes up too much time, it really doesn’t; The basis of your coursework should be sound. This means that all information you use should be accurate, verifiable and obtained from trustworthy sources; It is hard, but do try to start out early. In most cases, students are given plenty of time to write their coursework – if they use all this time for that purpose and don’t put it off until the last possible moment; Cohesion and coherence are just as important as accurateness of information. Your coursework should be easy to read and perceive, so make sure you use headings and subheadings, different points are properly connected to each other and there are logical connections between parts; Create and keep backups. A good rule in life in general, it becomes especially important when writing a coursework or any other lengthy project. Nobody is secure from computer crashes, and losing all your work and collected research the day before you are supposed to hand it in may be somewhat annoying. And finally – make sure you consult your supervisor as often as possible. In addition to showing your dedication to work, it will make sure you understand all aspects of the task and don’t make mistakes you’ll have to correct later on.

The Negative Effects Of Caffeine - 1094 Words

Most of us fail to realize that caffeine is present in almost every drink that we consume. Most people enjoy the positive effects that caffeine does to our bodies, but have you ever thought of the negative? Caffeine is a stimulant to the central nervous system and the regular use of it can cause a mild physical dependence. With a dependence being shown I strongly do believe that caffeine is just as addictive as any other drug. Over 90 percent of the United States consumes caffeinated beverages on a daily basis and almost over 50 percent of those people drink more than the recommended amount. With the majority of people having coffees in the mornings we fail to recognize the negative impact it can have on our body. By 2011 there have†¦show more content†¦Since caffeine is a stimulant and a diuretic it will increase your blood pressure and heart rate by a lot, which is a big no when it comes to pregnancy. You may be able to handle the intake of caffeine that you drink normall y per day but can your baby? Numerous studies, tested on animals, have shown birth defects, premature labor, preterm delivery, reduced fertility and an increased risk of low birth weight and more reproductive problems. There were two studies conducted in 2008 that either have or haven’t related the effects of drinking high amounts of caffeine relating to miscarriages. Study one, by the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, found that women who drink 200mg or more of caffeinated beverages daily are two times as likely to have a miscarriage than those who do not have any caffeine. The other study, by Epidemiology, showed that there was no risk of such allegations. Due to the conflicting results from the numerous studies the March of Dimes stated that until more conclusive evidence can be shown that mothers to be should limit their caffeine intakes to no more than 200 mg per day. Have you ever stopped drinking coffee or soda for a few days and felt sick days later? Tha t’s because you are going through something called a withdrawal. A withdrawal means that you are not taking something that your body is used to having and it then makes you sick. People who suffer from a withdrawal usually are dependent on drugs, but theShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Caffeine992 Words   |  4 PagesThe effect of caffeine on accuracy in a sports related task Introduction The use of caffeine is worldwide, contained in a range of foods, beverages and medicines with it being one of the most frequently consumed ingredients worldwide (Heckman, Weil, Mejia, Gonzalez, 2010). Extensive research has been conducted into caffeine and its effects on our cognitive functioning and development, with many studies concluding that due to its beneficial effects surrounding enhanced performance and awarenessRead MoreCaffeine Synthesis1722 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Many Americans have included caffeine as a part of their daily diet whether they realize it or not. In fact, â€Å"caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world† (Ruxton How is this instead (Caffeine is especially common throughout†¦) 15). It is found very especially commonly throughout every day foods and consumed mostly though through coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate (Spiller 200). Many Americans participate in the use of caffeine; it is estimated that 90% of adultsRead MoreCaffeine Speech Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech Outline Title: Caffeine Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the effects and health issues of caffeine. Thesis: Caffeine can have many different effects on the body depending on the amount of consumption. Introduction A. Attention Getter – How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much soda do you drink a day? One bottle? Two cans? More? How about coffee? B. Thesis statement – Caffeine can have many different effects on the body depending on the amountRead MoreSpeech on Caffeine Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Caffeine Specific purpose: To inform my audience what exactly caffeine is, where it comes from, the benefits of caffeine and the negative effects of caffeine. Introduction A. Attention material: Do you ever feel like you will never make it through the day without caffeine? Is your first thought in the morning to get yourself a cup of coffee before you can even get your day started? B. Tie to the audience: I am sure that most of you do consume at least one form ofRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On People s Lives927 Words   |  4 Pages Caffeine is a huge part of North American culture, it is consumed in coffee, teas, chocolate, energy drinks and many other goods. Coffee is the main source of caffeine, and is frequently consumed socially. Because people rely on this substance so heavily, its side effects are often speculated. People who tend to consume large amounts of caffeine notice shakiness, nervousness, irritability, and increased heart rate (Whiteman.) However, the positive effects are much greater, and some include decreasedRead MoreEssay on The Beneficial Effects of Caffeine1441 Words   |  6 Pagesstill groggy and tired. You throw on your clothes and grab a caffeinated beverage of your choice before sprinting out the door. You know you can’t rely on caffeine to stimulate your brain, or can you? This scenario is very common in the lives of most college students. For most students, caffeine dependency has become more important than sleep. Caffeine seems to be the boost that students need before tests. â€Å"Unfortunately, I have no data associating sales trends to midterms and finals, but I think itsRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Consumption Of Caffeine1511 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine, a popularly consumed central nervous system stimulant is consumed on a day to day basis around the globe.  Caffeine can be ingested into the body by either eating it or drinking it. Caffeine comes in forms of many processed foods such as coffee, chocolate bars, candy, sodas, and energy drinks as well as tea. For example millions of people all around the world consume coffee on a daily basis.  Due to the large consumption of caffeine, both the negative and positive side effects of consumingRead MoreConsumption of Caffeine by Minors1621 Words   |  6 PagesConsumption of caffeine b y minors has increased significantly in the past few years. In the modern community it is a common practice amongst teens to consume coffee as a part of an afterschool get together or as an energy booster in the morning. Many other teens consume highly caffeinated drinks that are known as energy drinks, even a can of coke has a very high amount of caffeine present in it. Consequently is caffeine an energy booster or a detriment to wellbeing. So should children be able toRead MoreEffect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Undergraduates1728 Words   |  7 Pages Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Academic Performance in College Undergraduates Morgan Bolen, Maria Naula-Quintero, and Carlin Wright Michigan State University Abstract In this study we are interested in assessing the relationship between average amount of caffeine consumed per day and academic performance. We hypothesized that an increase in average caffeine consumed per day would result in increased academic success. A short survey was composed based on average amount of caffeineRead MoreCaffeine Addiction Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important to learn about caffeine addiction because people don’t know that they are addicted to it and that caffeine can damage the body and brain. There are a few positive and negative psychological effects of caffeine on the human body. Positive psychological effects are concentration, focus, attention, improves memory, in some studies, and alertness. Negative psychological effects are anxiety, depression, irritable, and addiction. Some physiological effects are nausea, headache, restless

Alzheimer s Disease And Its Effects - 1188 Words

Alzheimer s disease is a cognitively degenerative disease with irreversible side effects. The disease was first discovered in 1901 by the late German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer while he was working with a fifty year old patient by the name of Auguste D. Since the disease s discovery, scientists, psychiatrist, and many other medical professionals have worked diligently to learn more about the disease s effects and potential treatments to hinder its rapid progression. Alzheimer s disease is a specific form of Dementia -- a psychological disorder that directly effects a person s cognitive functions as well as their behavioral abilities. According to Dr. Gary Wenk, professor of psychology at the university of Ohio, Alzheimer s disease consists of a series of degenerative changes in a variety of neurotransmitter systems. As these neurotransmitters are drastically altered, brain cells begin to degenerate and die, which causes a sharp decline in a person s memory and everyday functions. ( Wenk, 2003) When the majority of people hear about Alzheimer s disease, their thoughts often float towards images of older men and women -- and they re not very far off from the truth. According to the National Alzheimer s Association, one in every nine people over the age of sixty five has already been diagnosed with the disease and the numbers are rapidly climbing. The Alzheimer s Association states that by the year 2050 the amount of senior citizens with Alzheimer s disease isShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease And Its Effects932 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is a mental disorder that catches up to many while in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility. What causes this disease? Experts believe that Alzheimer s develops as a complex result of multiple factors rather than any one overriding cause. 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Social Psychology Actor Observer And The Cross Cultural Differences

Question: Discuss about the Social Psychology Actor Observer Bias And The Cross Cultural. Answer: Introduction One very important aspect of social psychology is the Actor-Observer bias that has been looked upon as a very deciding factor in determining a persons behavior or attitude. This is a psychological state that describes the various attributes of a persons behavior. The same person takes the role of the actor at times, and sometimes he takes the role of the observer. This is generally applicable when a person judges his own behavior from a certain angle and he becomes the actor then. At this time, he becomes ignorant of his own mistakes and he puts the blame of the negative things on a particular situation he has been in. In other words, a person tries to avoid his own mistakes and does not think himself to be the wrong doer at any point of time. In other cases, a particular person becomes the observer when the time comes to judge some other persons works. The particular person then puts the blame of some wrong doing on that another person when he is judging his activities. He overlooks the situation and consciously puts the blame of the work on the other man, coming to the conclusion that the other man is responsible for the thing. There are some cross-cultural references too in this incident. This varies from one nation to another. In this assignment, the aim is to go through a thorough study about this actor-observer bias in the context of social psychology, considering the cross-cultural scenario in this matter. Discussion: Different aspects of Actor-Observer Effect Actor-Observer is a natural phenomenon (Nisbett et al., 1973). It originates from the fact people very often attribute ones behavior very easily on ones nature rather than judging the situation (Weary, Stanley Harvey, 2012). It deals with the personal aspects of the persons. This kind of behavior arises in human beings because they do not like to see themselves as the guilty person so they do not attribute their mistakes to themselves (Shaver, 2012). In some cases, people always tend to overlook the situational factors and overestimate the role of the personal factors in case of the other persons. According to the social psychology experts, this thing is termed as the Fundamental Attribution Error (Li et al., 2012). There are several theories that are related with this fundamental attribution error. These theories include the Just-world phenomenon, Just-world phenomenon This just-world phenomenon deals with the belief that everything that happens in the world is just and therefore, there should be no disposition about it. Everything is fair and all the people have control over their lives. It centers with the fact that human beings get what they deserve and what they deserve they get. The need is to see the world as a just place because it would help to reduce the possible threats that one might face in the future. This thought gives the people a sense of security in the mind and help them to find peace in the most difficult of times. This helps people to stay motivated psychologically. Salience of the Actor This theory focuses on the fact that a person always tends to overlook the situational factors that may have caused something to another person. The person is looked upon as the guilty whereas the situation or the circumstance is not at all taken into considerations. This works behind the actor-observer bias. Lack of effortful adjustment Sometimes the things happen when people are aware of the situational factors that may have caused the effect but they still not admit it consciously. This happens from the fact that they do not look upon the situational and the behavioral factors seriously. Actually, these things help to characterize the dispositions of the actor here. In this case, the only remedy available for the observers is to make conscious efforts in taking these situational factors under consideration so that they can assess the circumstances properly. Culture In this world there are basically two prominent cultures to be known of. These are the individualistic cultures that belong to the western culture and the collectivist culture that belong to the eastern culture. There is a strong proneness to the cross-cultural factors of the fundamental attribution error. Most importantly, the individualistic cultures may refer to the people of the United States and the people from the collectivist culture may refer to the Asian countries like Japan or Korea. The Concept of Individualism and Collectivism The concept of the terms individualism and collectivism has a deep contextual meanings (Ralston et al., 2014). It depicts two spheres of the earth and the behavior of the residents. It surely has a connection with the cognitive behavior of a person. The influences of the surroundings and their culture also play an important part in it. These are influenced by the individual persons and the ethnic groups to which they belong. Individualism is the concept that belongs to the western cultures. The people are assembled with the social groups to which they belong. The individual cultures will look upon the people as the ones who have the belief of the self in a more developed way. The idea of developing the self and the developing of the self theories are discussed. The people in the western cultures have a more self-cognitive behavior as they are treated as an independent person (Pennington, 2014). In contrast to that the people of the Asian countries the people are treated as parts of t he culture and the concerned society. They are not set apart from the society; rather they take active parts in the workings of the society. Self-other asymmetries in explanation It is a very important aspect in the context that the individualists always tend to assert more on the self and they always separate themselves from the other people and want to establish an individual identity by which they can differentiate other people from themselves. This is a very notable aspect as this form segregation from the constraints of the society. The collectivists are generally very much connected with the society they live in and do not like to be separated from the society (Van Hoom, 2015). They are much likely to attribute the effects of some event on the situational factors rather than attributing it to the dispositional causes (Lu, Xie Xu, 2012). Cross cultural differences The interpretation of the self is an important part of the fundamental attribute error that helps to determine the factor by which a certain country or its culture is driven. In the proposed pan-cultural model of the self, it is regarded that every people have a different cultural background but irrespective of that, people do have different self-cognitive thoughts and most importantly these cognitions are different. There are three major components that form ones self-cognitions and they are private, public and collective cognitions (Norenzayan Nisbett, 2000). These help a person to react in different ways in different situations. In this context it can be said that in a country like Malaysia, the cognitive behavior of the people indicates that they are more likely to be called collectivists as their participation in the social context is active and they consider themselves to be responsible people of their society who have a duty to perform. In ways, a country like Australia follo ws the western culture and they are very much individualistic in their cognitive behavior (Fiske Taylor, 2013). They look upon themselves as separate identities and they set themselves apart from the social constraints. The description of a person depends on the casual theory of behavior of that person (Choi, Nisbett Norenzayan, 1999). If a person behaves independently or without any connection to his group where he belongs, he can be called an individualist. Actually, the Asian theory of behavior is much collectivist in nature than the Western one (Becker et al., 2012). Cultural and Situational Salience Another important aspect of this Actor-Observer bias is the factor dependent on the cultural and situational salience (Choi Nisbett, 2012). The question of the cultural difference is closely related with that of the cognitive behavior of the persons belonging to the certain countries, regions or continents. The eastern culture is quite different with that of the western culture in many ways. The thinking process of the self belonging to these regions differs a lot (Bochner, 1994). The people from eastern culture tend to attribute the fundamental attribution errors on the situational factors when it can be seen that a person has been facing some distress he may be a victim of the circumstances (Coleman, 2013). In sharp contrast, the people of the western culture will look to find the fault of the person instead of the situation and thus forcing on the situational factors. The aspect of situational salience can be better understood by the attitude attribution method by which the parti cipants are given a situation and they have to discuss. The participants include candidates of both the eastern culture and the western cultures (Aknin et al., 2013). Method In this lab report, some ways had been chosen so that the process could be conducted smoothly. In order to conduct the method, the essential things like the participants, materials and procedures have to be discussed. Participants The participants taken for conducting the report were thirty people from both the countries of Australia and Malaysia. The intention was to see how the people of those countries behave or react to different situations. The research was done on fifteen people from Australia and fifteen people from Malaysia. They were divided between some groups to help the process conveniently. Materials The materials used for this research work were both the primary and secondary materials. The primary materials used for this research were the information collected from the behavior of the participants and their reactions to prove the hypothesis. The secondary materials used for the research work were the journals and articles written by the other researchers like R.E. Nisbett, A. Norenzayan and C. Caputo and others. The secondary data were collected were collected from there and abstracts of journals have been attached in the appendices part of the report. Procedure The procedure of the research was something like this. Fifteen Australians and fifteen Malaysians were divided between groups and they were put under some situations that would best suit the actor-observer situations. Both the groups were first treated as the actors and observers alternatively. After that their reactions were recorded accordingly. Results The results found were discussed and put under a thorough analysis later. It was noted that the Malaysians reacted to the situations as the actors in a collectivist way whereas the Australians reactions were individualistic. The case was the same when the research was conducted on the other group. As the observers, the Australians wanted to retain a separate identity from the others but the Malaysians came together to support their fellow people and posing the responsibility on the situational factors. The fundamental attribution error is thus understood by the research work done by the researchers and the participants reactions. Conclusion In the concluding part it can be said that after a long, thorough study of the entire matter, the behavioral approach is a very crucial part of a persons life. The background and the probable future actions of a person can be determined from that. It is apparent from the above discussion that cognitive behaviors vary from one region to another. Two definite approaches have been found from the discussion, which are responsible for reshaping the behaviors of the people of the two regions. The behavioral approach of the people of Asia and the Western countries due to their contrary collectivist and individualist approaches. The people of these regions look upon things from different angles and their viewpoint is absolutely on the opposite. This cross-cultural difference in the context of behavior depicts how they approach some incident. This provokes the factor of the fundamental attribute errors. It is, indeed, a determiner of the human behavior. References Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas-Diener, R., ... Norton, M. I. (2013). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,104(4), 635. Becker, M., Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M., ... Camino, L. (2012). Culture and the distinctiveness motive: constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(4), 833. Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,25(2), 273-283. Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(9), 949-960. Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality.Psychological bulletin,125(1), 47. Coleman, M. D. (2013). Emotion and the ultimate attribution error.Current Psychology,32(1), 71-81. Fiske, S. T., Taylor, S. E. (2013).Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage. Li, Y. J., Johnson, K. A., Cohen, A. B., Williams, M. J., Knowles, E. D., Chen, Z. (2012). Fundamental (ist) attribution error: Protestants are dispositionally focused.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(2), 281. Lu, J., Xie, X., Xu, J. (2012). Desirability or feasibility selfother decision-making differences.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 0146167212470146. Nisbett, R. E., Caputo, C., Legant, P., Marecek, J. (1973). Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer.Journal of personality and Social Psychology,27(2), 154. Norenzayan, A., Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Culture and causal cognition.Current Directions in Psychological Science,9(4), 132-135. Pennington, D. C. (2012).Social cognition. Routledge. Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Furrer, O., Kuo, M. H., Li, Y., Wangenheim, F., ... Fu, P. P. (2014). Societal-level versus individual-level predictions of ethical behavior: A 48-society study of collectivism and individualism.Journal of business ethics,122(2), 283-306. Shaver, K. (2012).The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. Springer Science Business Media. Van Hoorn, A. (2015). Individualistcollectivist culture and trust radius: a multilevel approach.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,46(2), 269-276. Weary, G., Stanley, M. A., Harvey, J. H. (2012).Attribution. Springer Science Business Media. References

Financial Analysis Of Tesco J Sainsbury Accounting Essay Example For Students

Financial Analysis Of Tesco J Sainsbury Accounting Essay In this study, fiscal place and accomplishments of Tesco plc is compared and adverted with its close rival J. Sainsbury plc for the three fiscal old ages 2008-2010 as listed on the London Stock Exchange. To happen out which company is better for investing, we will transport out perpendicular and horizontal analysis. Decision will be drawn in the terminal after analysing the companies separately on the footing of analysis. We are emphasizing upon public presentation and profitableness indexs which will assist to happen out which company is better for investing. We besides have stressed upon the indexs of sound fiscal place such on the job capital direction, liquidness and solvency. Outline1 J SAINSBURY plc2 J Sainsbury3 Vertical Analysis of Income Statement4 Gross Proi ¬?t5 5.62 %6 Operating Proi ¬?t7 2.97 %8 Proi ¬?t for the i ¬?nancial twelvemonth9 1.84 %10 Profitableness and Performance:11 J Sainsbury12 Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement13 Fiscal Position14 J Sainsbury plc15 Balance Sheet Trend Analysis16 Non-current assets17 18 19 20 21 Current assets22 Entire assets23 Current liabilities24 Net current liabilities25 Non-current liabilities:26 Net assets27 Equity28 29 30 Entire equity31 Liquid and Solvency:32 Working Capital Management:33 TESCO plc34 Tesco plc35 Vertical Analysis of Income Statement36 53 hebdomads ended 28 February 200937 Continuing operations38 Gross ( gross revenues excepting VAT )39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Gross net income46 Operating net income47 48 49 50 Net income before revenue enhancement51 52 53 54 Net income for the twelvemonth55 Performance and Profitableness:56 Tesco plc57 Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement58 59 60 61 62 Tesco Plc63 Balance Sheet Trend Analysis64 Fiscal Position:65 Working Capital Management:66 Decision J SAINSBURY plc The following exhibits show the horizontal and perpendicular analysis of J. Sainsbury s fiscal place: J Sainsbury Vertical Analysis of Income Statement Year 2010 2009 2008 Gross 100.00 % 100.00 % 100.00 % Cost of gross revenues -94.58 % -94.52 % -94.38 % Gross Proi ¬?t 5.42 % 5.48 % 5.62 % Administrative disbursals -2 % -2.22 % -2.81 % Other income 0.14 % 0.30 % 0.17 % Operating Proi ¬?t 3.56 % 3.56 % 2.97 % Finance income 0.16 % 0.27 % 0.47 % Finance costs -0.74 % -0.78 % -0.74 % Share of post-tax loss from joint ventures 0.69 % -0.59 % -0.01 % Proi ¬?t before revenue enhancement 3.67 % 2.46 % 2.69 % Income revenue enhancement disbursal -0.74 % -0.94 % -0.84 % Proi ¬?t for the i ¬?nancial twelvemonth 2.93 % 1.53 % 1.84 % Profitableness and Performance: It can be concluded from above analysis that company is runing in a concentrated market. The cost of goods is devouring more than 90 % of gross revenues gross ensuing in coevals of 5-7 % of gross net income. The company is gaining negligible net income of 1.8 % 3 % on gross revenues gross in three old ages while other disbursals are of no effects. As gross revenues growing is equal to mean rate of rising prices, so we can detect from horizontal analysis of income statement shown below that the market is non turning and there is no existent growing in gross revenues. This besides shows that net income figures of fiscal twelvemonth 2008-2009 have decreased finally. J Sainsbury Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement 2010-2009 2009-2008 Gross 5.56 % 6.02 % Cost of gross revenues 5.63 % 6.18 % Gross Proi ¬?t 4.44 % 3.39 % Administrative disbursals -5 % -16.33 % Other income -52.63 % 90.00 % Operating Proi ¬?t 5.49 % 26.98 % Finance income -36.53 % -37.35 % Finance costs 0.00 % 12.12 % Share of post-tax loss from joint ventures 24.32 % 5450 % Proi ¬?t before revenue enhancement 57.29 % -2.71 % Analyzed as: Underliing Proi ¬?t before revenue enhancement 12.33 % 11.27 % Proi ¬?t on sale of belongingss -53.63 % 714.29 % Investing belongings just value motions -0.80 % 0.00 % Financing just value motions 50.00 % 150.00 % One-off points 0.00 % -100.00 % 57.29 % -2.71 % Income revenue enhancement disbursal -16.38 % 18.00 % Proi ¬?t for the i ¬?nancial twelvemonth 102.42 % -12.16 % Even though the gross revenues seems to turn from 4 % 6.02 % in the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-2009 but has decreased from 6.02 % 5.56 % in 2009-2010. The gross net income per centum has decreased from 5.62 % to 5.48 % during the twelvemonth 2008-2009 and from 5.48 % to 5.42 % in the twelvemonth 2009-2010. Contrary the operating net income has increased during 2008-2009 from 2.97 % to 3.56 % and has remained changeless during the clip period of 2009-2010. This shows that the profitableness of the company has risen during the above mentioned fiscal twelvemonth. In order to stay profitable the company needs to command its costs as company is already in a concentrated market. Types Of Teachers Essay5.90 % 2,791 5.90 % Share of post-tax net incomes of joint ventures and associates 33 0.05 % 110 0.20 % 75 0.16 % Net income on sale of investings in associates 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Finance income 265 0.46 % 116 0.21 % 187 0.40 % Finance costs ( 579 ) -1.01 % ( 478 ) -0.88 % ( 250 ) -0.53 % Net income before revenue enhancement 3,176 5.58 % 2,954 5.44 % 2,803 5.93 % Tax ( 840 ) -1.47 % ( 788 ) -1.45 % ( 673 ) -1.42 % Net income for the twelvemonth from go oning operations 2,336 4.10 % 2,166 3.99 % 1,881 2,130 Discontinued operation Net income for the twelvemonth from discontinued operation 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Net income for the twelvemonth 2,336 4.10 % 2,166 3.99 % 2,130 4.50 % Performance and Profitableness: The fiscal state of affairs of this company is about same as of J. Sainsbury which is because both belong to the retail industry. Again, more than 90 % of gross is the cost of goods. The gross net income per centum is a small spot better than that of its rival which is accounted around 7 % . The operating net income of the company is more than J. Sainsbury which is about 5-6 % and other disbursals are minor. The tendency analysis are exhibited below: Tesco plc Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement 2010-2009 2009-2008 Gross ( gross revenues excepting VAT ) 4.75 % 14.86 % Cost of Gross saless 4.30 % 14.75 % Pensions adjustment Finance Act 2006 Damage of the Gerrards Cross site Gross net income 9.20 % 16.20 % Administrative disbursals 22.35 % 21.52 % Net income originating on property-related points 59.75 % 25.53 % Operating net income 7.82 % 14.87 % Share of post-tax net incomes of joint ventures and associates -70.0 % 46.67 % Net income on sale of investings in associates 0.00 % 0.00 % Finance income 128.44 % -37.97 % Finance costs 21.12 % 91.20 % Net income before revenue enhancement 7.51 % 5.39 % Tax 6.59 % 17.09 % Net income for the twelvemonth from go oning operations 7.84 % 1.69 % Discontinued operation Net income for the twelvemonth from discontinued operation Net income for the twelvemonth 7.84 % 1.69 % Harmonizing to the above analysis, net income has increased by 1.7 % in 2008-2009 and by an optimal amount of 7.84 % in the twelvemonth 2009-2010. The administrative disbursals have increased in 2009 and 2010 because of the decline income by the belongingss. Tesco Plc Balance Sheet Trend Analysis 27 February 2010 2010-2009 A ; lb ; m 2009-2008 A ; lb ; m Non-current assets 6.77 % 34.45 % Current assets ( including non-current assets held for sale ) -12.71 % 113.95 % Current liabilities -8.97 % 71.44 % Net current liabilities 3.25 % 3.86 % Entire assets less current liabilities 7.29 % 40.54 % Non-current liabilities 1.75 % 88.31 % Net assets 13.75 % 8.43 % Equity attributable to proprietors of the parent 13.59 % 8.75 % Minority involvements 49.12 % -34.48 % Entire equity 13.75 % 8.43 % Fiscal Position: The liquidness state of affairs of the company is non every bit much as observed in the current ratio which is critically low. These ratios require more attending even they are increasing from 2008 to 2010. Debt ratio is the index of long-run fiscal stableness, it shows a major growing of debt in balance sheet over the old ages which should be controlled to stay changeless financially. Working Capital Management: In this company, the stock list is turning over more quickly as comparison to the other one debitor s turnover ratio has increased in histories receivable. From above analysis, it is clear that the fiscal state of affairs of Tesco Plc is better than J. Sainsbury. Decision We can detect from the analysis carried out above that the state of affairs of the market is saturated and possibilities of gaining ace net income are minuscular. More than 90 % of gross is spend on the cost of goods sold by both the companies which result in the gross net income of 5-8 % . In order to increase the profitableness in this state of affairs, the cost should be controlled. But Tesco is better option for investing due to following grounds: It is bring forthing a small higher gross net income ; It has kept non-merchandizing costs at lower limit ; It is paying higher dividends ; It is demoing faster growing Both companies have significantly high debt ratio and low current ratio every bit good as quick ratio which show that the fiscal place of none of these companies is impressive.

Information systems in Health Care

Many nations are highly concerned about the quality of health offered to their citizens because productivity of a nation directly depends on good health. Different policies and programs have been instituted to put into check the quality of health care by different states as well as the federal government.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With computer technology having its effects, every sector of the economy is computerizing its systems. Most processes in various departments are executed entirely with the help of computers. The health sector has also had much of its activities computerized. Consequently, information systems have become very crucial in the health care sector given that they have the ability of improving the quality of health care that patients receive. It is important to note that information systems in health care play a very cr ucial role. Nevertheless, information systems that are implemented in the health care sector should meet the requirements of the federal state, the local authorities as well as the individual institutional requirements (Beaver, 2003). It should be noted that each stakeholder in the health care sector has different requirements which have to be harmonized for the improvement of services offered to patients. However, harmonizing these needs proves to be daunting task leading to complexities in service delivery. Information systems provide a solution through which requirements of various stakeholders can be met. The health care sector has been faced with very many challenges which have compromised the quality of health care that patients receive. Majorly, there have been concerns about the rising costs of health care in many nations. These have reduced the number of people who could afford even the basic health care services (Smith, 2007). Moreover, cases of medical errors have been on the rise. On the same note, shortages of health care professionals coupled with inconsistent quality have made many people concerned about the future of health care quality. Arguably, addressing these challenges that face the health care sector will improve quality of health care. Information systems come in handy to help in addressing these challenges (Beaver, 2003). Information systems have been able to reduce significantly medical errors as well as the time taken for patients to receive drugs prescribed at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Health information has to be transmitted and shared between the relevant stakeholders for accurate records about a patient’s past medical history. Notably, manual record keeping and getting information from the patient is not very reliable. Information systems are very essential in ensuring ac cessibility of medical information whenever needed while at the same time integrating new technologies into the health care sector (Smith, 2007). In a nutshell, the main aim of information system is to ensure that the patients’ data is accurately collected, safely and securely stored as well as ensuring that the data is accessible when it is required by any authorized persons. Notably, advantages of implementing information systems in the health care sector are many. To begin with, information systems allow not only accurate, but also detailed medical records that can be easily accessible. Moreover, information systems eliminate the difficulties brought about by illegible handwritings. These records are usually comprehensive because they include all the tests as well as diagnoses done on the patient (Johns, 2002). This is an important step towards disease management as well as prevention of medical errors thus leading to high quality health care. Information systems also enab le collection, management and electronic sharing of health information among individuals and health service providers. On the same note, through the use of various services offered by information technology, consumers are able to manage their own health records. Moreover, information systems have led to enhanced health care by providing patients’ information regarding medical history, allergies and treatments (Johns, 2002). Consequently, information systems have enhanced the safety of patients thus enhancing health care quality. Similarly, information technology has improved management process thus increasing efficiency in the health care sector. Moreover, implementation of information systems in the health care sector will lead to a reduction in the cost of health care. Therefore, many citizens will be able to afford high standard healthcare and conveniently pay for their hospital bills making the nation healthier.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Info rmation systems in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, with good and affordable medical insurance which results from quality health care, more people are bound to be insured. As a result, the number of people who are able to access health care whenever need arises is increased (Smith, 2007). On the same note, information systems will lead to accurate diagnosis of diseases and this will reduce the chances of revisiting health facilities thus further reducing costs of health care. It is important to note that health care information system is more than just computerized software and hardware. It should involve guidelines on how clinical procedures should be carried out. On the same note, the information systems on the health care sector should integrate services of various sections including laboratory, pharmacy, diagnostic imaging and other services that are required. Consequently, information systems used in the he alth care sector can be divided into administrative information system and clinical information system. Administrative information system takes care of the administrative and the financial issues while clinical information system contains health-related information about patients. It should be noted that though information systems are crucial in the health care sector, there are some issues that require attention especially with the changing technology. Given the fact that health care sector is very fragmented, there is need for an integrated system. System integration in the health sector will allow interconnection of complex information usually from different sources (Johns, 2002). This will increase the ability of different practitioners in the medical field to easily access information about their patients thus enhancing quality of health care. On the same note, system integration will lead to better management of patients’ health conditions because they will be able to c ommunicate with the right people. This will not only enhance quality, but also efficiency in health care provision. Similarly, system integration leads to improved communication between various health care providers. Increased interpersonal communication is crucial for high quality health care. Similarly, with increased internet access to many people and advance in mobile technologies, in future it will be able to get medical information without visiting a doctor. Moreover, the advancement in other forms of technology is impacting on information systems of health care and it would be vital to incorporate the technological trends in health care information systems (Johns, 2002).Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social networks are also changing the way health care information is spread among people which will require health care information systems to include social networks. The wireless technology is also taking root and this will require demonstration of the benefits they have on the general health care sector as a whole. Similarly, wireless technology is highly susceptible to hacking which brings the question of health information confidentiality to the fore (Beaver, 2003). As a result, the future of health care information systems is highly oblique and the sector has to be prepared for any eventuality. The information gained in this course will enable me to know the value of information systems in the health care sector. Moreover, I will be able to use the information gained during this course to evaluate a good information system that can be implemented in any health care facility to enhance quality of health care. Similarly, gaining information about the importance and the role of i nformation system in the health care sector will enable me to be in a position of advocating for implementation of information systems in health care facilities. Doctors, physicians, nurses and other health care providers need to share information despite their geographical distances. People have to move from one place to another and they do not have to visit the same health care providers always. There should be a way through which information systems serving different clientele can be harmonized such that some or all the information from one party can be accessed by other parties. This involves premium, interdepartmental and state-of-the-art interconnection which allows harmonious functioning. Therefore, information sharing is crucial and this can only be achieved by system integration. Consequently, system integration cannot be assumed whenever information technology in health care is discussed. Ultimately, quality health care is a duty of every person. Information dissemination and storage plays a crucial role in enhancing quality of health care. It should be noted, however, that despite the many advantages of information systems, their implementation in various health care facilities has been slow arguably due to the high cost of implementing them. References Beaver, K. (2003). Healthcare Information systems. New York: Auerbach Publishers. Johns, M. L. (2002). Information Management for Health Professional. Stanford: Cengage Learning. Smith, A. L. (2007). Integrated Healthcare information Systems: Physician Based Information Systems. Raleigh: Lulu Publishers. This report on Information systems in Health Care was written and submitted by user Tristin T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Essay For Amending Complaint

Sample Essay For Amending ComplaintWriting a sample essay for amending complaint is important when you are finding the right papers to get you a new job. It will help you in improving your writing skills, so that you can eventually get a well-written paper from your employer.Writing the paper yourself will give you the freedom to be as creative as you want to be. If you don't have the resources to hire a writer, then you should look out for freelance writers who can do the job on a daily basis. This will give you the satisfaction of doing it yourself without paying much money.Not all work that needs to be done is large enough for big companies. Smaller companies would hire the services of a writer to do it for them. You could also write the essay yourself, provided that you have sufficient time. Once you write the paper yourself, you have to keep in mind what you want to say.The first thing that you should do is to select a good quality paper for amending complaint. You could look fo r such paper in the books that you read in school or maybe from your college library. Once you have chosen a paper for amending complaint, you could go to your computer and look for free software that will help you with the writing process. Once you get hold of these tools, you need to give your desired information.Sample essay for amending complaint should contain all the required details and content about the problem that you are having. You need to also give the first and last name of the company, the date of registration, the type of business, and any other information that will be helpful to the readers. The most important thing that you need to include in the sample essay for amending complaint is the explanation about the reason why you are being asked to do this.By writing different papers for different companies, you can save yourself a lot of time. You will also get to meet different people and get an opportunity to network. When you have done this, you will eventually fin d the right job that is perfect for you. You could also take your friends as references in case you are not lucky enough to get hired immediately.Once you have written the sample essay for amending the complaint, then you need to try and get it published in as many places as possible. You could try asking the editor at the university to give you a copy of the paper. You should also try to write a good reference letter to let the editors know that you are willing to rewrite the paper. Once you get this written, you could submit it to various organizations.