Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking Essay - 1

Conflict Management and Negotiation Critical Thinking - Essay Example It is imperative for businesspeople to develop their negotiation skills. Investing in training and development lessons in negotiation for the marketing department workers is a very wise investment. The marketing department is directly responsible of generating sales for the company (Kotler, 2003). Sales are the engine that drives a company. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the negotiation process for a job offer with Joe Tech and Robust Routers. As a prospective employee for the company my first strategy during the initial talks of the negotiation is to establish how strong a candidate I am for the position based on my educational and work experience credentials. I would come prepare with the most recent HR data on compensation for professionals in my career. The data from a reputable source reveals that the $92,000 based salary is within the boundaries of what another professional with similar credentials receives. The overall benefits packaged on the table are very reasonable based on the industry standards. During the negotiation process I will ensure that I use good active listening. By becoming a better listener, you will improve your productivity, as well as your ability to influence, persuade and negotiate† (Mindtools., 2013). I must act confident through the entire negotiations and my mindset must be positive. There are several things and can help a person achieve a successful employment negotiation. The person applying for a job vacancy must dress in a professional manner preferably in a suit for the first interview with the human resource representative or manager of the company. A second important tip for a person in the job application process is to perform research on the firm by searching information from different sources including the corporate website of the company and its annual report. All public companies are mandated to file annual reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Within the content of the annual report are the financial statements of a company (Sec, 2013). Analyzing the financial performance of the company is a good topic to bring up during the conversations of the negotiation. The employer will realize that the candidate came prepared to the negotiation table which shows competence. There are different negotiation strategies that can be used to obtain a p ositive outcome that allows the parties to reach a deal. These strategies can provide outcomes that result in win-win or win-lose outcomes. â€Å"In a successful negotiation, it’s up to each side to paint a vision – based on that side’s mission and purpose – which the other side evaluates as being beneficial or not† (Camp, 2013). In the negotiation process I must persuade the other party to visualize my proposition as a win-win outcome or win for them and lose for me. I have to reflect to the employer my value as a professional and that by hiring me the firm will increase its human capital tremendously. A lot can be learned about the parties involved during the initial negotiation process. The character of the person, communication style, personality, and body language are things that influence the conversations of a negotiation. A good negotiator is able to persuade and convince others (Sfh, 2007). During the early part of the negotiation it becom es notable whether the person negotiating has good verbal communication skills. The ability to communicate well will affect the negotiation from the start until the closure of the event. Compromising the terms of the labor contract now in hopes of being able to negotiate better terms in the future is a risky strategy. The compensation that a company owes an employee is stipulated in the term of the employment contract. If an employee signs a contract with a verbal

Sigmund Freud Biography Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Biography Essay Sigmund Freud believed that the unconcious is the motivation for all simple desires. He believed that an organism is special because of its need to reproduce, and its need to survive. He thought that they are guided towards their needs by hunger, thirst, and avoidance of pain and sex. Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia. He lived there until the age of four, and afterwards, he and his family moved to Vienna. Later, he enrolled in the medical school in Vienna, and learned much about Biology, and Psychology. Freud learned much about psychology by watching the development of children and people. With his observations, he developed a theory of how people change, and the ways that people think. Freuds goal was to understand a persons instincts and drives, and to see what motivated people to do certain things. His beliefs were based upon the ID, which were a persons instincts or drives. The ID works with the pleasure principle, which is the demand to take care of things immediately. He believed that the pleasure principle could be so strong that it could force a person to only think about one thing. Freud believed that the ID soon becomes the ego, which relates to an organisms consciousness, and its search for its desires. This is a way of problem solving which is alernately known as the secondary process. The ego works on the reality principle, which is the motivation to take care of ones needs when there is an opportunity. The ego competes with the ID, to keep the organism happy, and occasionally, it achieves its goals in the world. They keep a record of the things to avoid, and strategies to fulfill desires, and soon becomes something known as the superego. There are two parts to the superego: the conscience, and the ego ideal. The conscience is a warning message of punishments and consequences. The ego ideal grows through rewards and positive role models for the child. Some of the instincts that are involved with a humans nature are called the life instinct, and the death instinct. These are the drives, which cause the desire for food, water and other necessary things for survival. Freud had also came up with something called the libido. The libido is the motivational energy for the life instincts. Throught Freuds research, the  term libido was generally associated with the sex drive. The death instinct was the drive that every person has the desire to die as well. Most people did not understand his theory of people wanting to die, but Freud explained that some people saw that death could end all of their hardship and suffering that they encountered in life, because sometimes, life can be troublesome and tiring. Freud believed that for some people, death promised the release from the struggle of life. Freuds theories were very complicated and are not accepted everywhere. It has caused huge debates and contraversy all over the world. Some saw his work as brilliant, while others saw his work as garbage. But psychiatric evaluation is still an experimental field, one in which no one is sure of the therapeutic effectiveness.

Essay About Family: The Family Road Trip :: The Family Vacation

My Sister, Niece and Nephew have taken it upon themselves to drive across the country this summer (my brother-in-law has signed on to assorted portions of this summer sized junket).niece and baby gator That desire to put a car on the road and aim it along a cardinal point is a peculiar - I'd like to say uniquely American - trait but it isn't just an American taste. It's pan cultural, like recipes for bread or dough fried in oil; An insight of my brother-in-law Al - we live in a world united not by love of justice beauty or freedom, but by variations of the doughnut. If the motor tour is not uniquely American it does unite many different types of American. Trail-blazing drummers thrashing across the Midwest and west outward from the rail lines in model-T's full of brushes and cheap vacuums in search of the previous generations of wanderer/homesteader now in need of household accessories. The airstream contingent twentieth century sun gleaming off their polished aluminum westering hull s. Ernest Bourgnine at the wheel of the converted Greyhound Motor home, his Boswell of the interstate, Jeff Krulik, in close formation. Jack Keroac, I read that book - borrowed it from a friend who warned me it wasn't as good as it is talked about - I read it anyway. There was some talk about driving, some talk about benzedrine, a lot of talk about other stuff. I can't remember more than that. My Father, saturated with the mid century love of the day trip delivered our family to most places that could be gotten to in a five hour drive from Boston - and that didn't cost anything once you got there. A cross country trip is a different animal altogether. It takes an singular spontaneity to put small children in a car and set out for America. The thread of spontaneity does not run through the cloth my sister and I were cut from. Mind , I have three sisters, the weave is a similar fabric for all, but different in small telling ways. Ann's and Mine is most near -notwithstanding the purple border on hers. To me this is a beautiful thing, a grand gesture, optimistic, and romantic. Granted A lot of people find reason to drive across the country. Some do it regularly, but in a country of 260 or so million many never do.

The performance of this sector

Bangladesh are primarily an agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of economy since it comprises about 30% of the country's GDP and employing around 60% of the total labor force.The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. Meeting the nation's food requirement remains the key-objective of the government and in recent years there has been substantial increase in grain production. However, due to calamities like flood, loss of food and cash crops is a recurring phenomenon, which disrupts the continuing progress of the entire economy. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are generally small. Through Cooperatives the use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. Rice, Jute, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are the principal crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 10.11% and 7.33% respectively. Bangladesh is the largest producer of Jute. Rice being the staple food, its production is of major importance. Rice production stood at 20.3 million tons in 1996-97 fiscal year.Crop diversification program, credit, extension and research, and input distribution policies pursued by the government are yielding positive results. The country is now on the threshold of attaining self-sufficiency in food grain production.Land Use by AgricultureGovernment has the primary responsibility of ensuring optimum use of land. Although land is a privately owned property in general, its use has to be compatible with the overall social goals and utility. Moreover, it is important to consider that the interests of small and marginal farmers and the sharecroppers are protected, as they constitute the majority of farmers.Following steps will be taken to ensure planned utilization of land for crop production:Land zoning programme will be taken up by the Soil Resources Development Institute SRDI) on a prio rity basis. Integrated approach of SRDI will be further strengthened for this purpose.To ensure maximum utilization of land, bottom up planning through people. Participation and its implementation will be started from the mouza or village level.In most areas the same land is suitable for more than one crop. Therefore, farmers will be encouraged to grow more profitable crops as an alternative to only rice-rice cropping pattern.Fertile agricultural land is going out of cultivation due to its use for non-agricultural purposes such as private construction, house building brickfield, etc. Appropriate measures will be taken to stop this trend in the light of the Land Policy of the government.Maximum utilization of land will be ensured through promotion of inter-cropping with the main crops.Acquisition of land in excess of requirement for non-agricultural purposes will be discouraged.Programmes will be taken up to motivate the landowners not to keep their land unused without any acceptable reason. Appropriate measures will be taken in the light of the Land Policy so that the interests of small and marginal farmers and the sharecroppers are protected and that the agricultural land is not kept fallow for a long period. Â  

Scientific method

They yet forget another important component which is also supposed to be ffered by the libraries if they are to sustain and increase their membership. This important component is customer care. According to Jamier L. Scott (2002), from Wikipedia defines customer care service as a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction – that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Thus the customer should feel at home when he or she is in the library and should leave while they are contented that they have really been assisted.Customer care is the watchword in both private and public sectors as e move into the service age of 21st century (De Saez, 2002:126). The client is firmly at the centre of missions and strategic policies. Libraries and information services must demonstrate this constantly and consistently if they are to succeed. The need to feel that one is respected is vital to an individual's concept of self. De S aez (2002:66) argues that a welcoming atmosphere can be created by staff well trained in customer care.This means that I ibrary statt should be knowledgeable in customer care and should see to it that they maintain welcoming environment at all times. Library ustomers or users should be welcomed warmly. De Saez (2002:75) further suggests that however, all library employees be encouraged to recognise their very real role as salespeople for the organisation. Their role will be to make a customer care a high- level priority, presenting a professional face at all times to establish and develop good public relations. Kotler†¦ et al (2008: n. ) says that todays companies are going beyond designing strategies to attract new customers and create transactions with them. Companies are now using customer relations management to retain customers nd build profitable, long-term relationship with them. Likewise libraries should use customer relations management, customer care inclusive, to ret ain their customers or attract new members or users. Once a customer is mistreated and disappointed, he would not want to come back and will definitely be discouraging others from coming to the library sighting his experience of mistreatment as an example.Library staffs need to be nice to their users if they are to continue patronizing the libraries. Rice (1997:17) also argues that if you do not care for your customers you will surely go ut of business. The customer will definitely go where they feel that they are welcomed. This implies that in case of a library they will shun coming to the library and prefer other information sources like the internet where they will not meet hostility. So if people do not come to the library then the library will be dysfunctional.Therefore it is as well very important nowadays, like in any other business institutions for librarians to observe customer care in libraries. 1. 2 Background College of Medicine (COM) is one of the five constituent colle ges of University of Malawi. Other colleges are the Polytechnic in Blantyre, Chancellor College in Zomba, Bunda College of Agriculture in Lilongwe and Kamuzu College of Nursing with campuses in Lilongwe and Blantyre. COM was established in 1991 and enrolled returning students from abroad. Before the College was established, medical students were being sent to Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom.With the establishments of College of Medicine, the country is now training its own doctors locally. The students' mode of enrollment is in two phases. The first group is that of premedical students. This refers to O-level students. They study A-level science subjects like mathematics, chemistry, biology and physics. After successful completion, they are enrolled for five years in the medical course. The other group is that of students with A-level science subjects obtained from Chancellor College, Kamuzu Academy or any other high school. These students are enrolled straight into t he first year of medical course for five years.COM like any other institution of higher learning has a library at its campus. It is situated along Mahatma Ghandi road. For the first ten years, the library operated from the Polytechnic library complex until October 2000 when it moved to its present location (Mangumbi, 2006:1-2). The library is relatively small and a new and bigger one is under construction which is expected to be occupied by the end of the year 2010. The mission of the library is to support teaching, learning and research activities for the college by providing up-to-date information resources and promoting effective usage of library facilities.The community that the college of medicine serves is composed of the following. All academic, academic related and administration staff; All registered students ot the college tor the entire duration ot their study; Members f University of Malawi; All college of Medicine members of staff; Visiting lectures, research fellows an d other visitors; Interns and other medical personnel and external paid up members. The COM library offers various services to its clientele. These are lending services (long loan and short loan), Reference services, Malawiana and interlibrary services Just to mention a few.In its holding the library also offers electronic resources like e-books and subscribes to online Journals through the Malawi Library and Information Consortium (MALICO), WHO and INASP. The collection includes CD-ROMs and DVDs hich are also lent to people. (College of Medicine 2009 Prospectus) 1. 3 Statement of the problem Although a library may provide a number of services to its clientele it is very important to serve these customers with courtesy and satisfy their needs in a friendly environment. No matter how well stocked the library may be, if it has hostile staff and environment then members will not be attracted to the resources.They will definitely shun the library and opt for other information sources. N ot only that, with information overload such as that available through the internet, some people may ot hesitate to stop patronizing the library if they feel are being ill treated at the library. It is for this reason that a research will be conducted to find out if there are customer services at College of Medicine. The research will find out how clients are being treated if they come to the library. If they have a query, how are they assisted? Are they treated warmly and with courtesy? 1. Aim of the Research The research aims at finding out if the customer care services are available at College of Medicine Library. 1. 5 Specific Research Objectives 1. To find out the customer care services at College of Medicine Library 2. To find out if library staff are always friendly 3. To find out if library staff are eager to assist library users. 4. To find out user satisfaction, 5. To find out how library staff treat customers. 6. To find out if queries are solved peacefully and amicably. 1. 6 Research Questions 1 . How do library staffs welcome you in the library i. e are you greeted when you reach the counter? . Are they always willing and eager to assist when you need a special help at the counter or in the library in general? 3. How do you rate friendliness of staffs? 4. Which group of library staff is friendly? . Do you have any suggestion on how best the library can improve its customer care services? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The study will assist the library management to make recommendations in coming up with plans on how to improve the customer care services in order to retain its clientele and encourage those that are graduating to continue being members and patronize the library.Scope and Limitations Since the research will only focus on students, the findings will not reflect the real results that are on the ground. It would have been better if the research involved all ossible library members. Lack of enough time and money will also be a limiting f actor to this research. 3. 0 METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a process whereby data is collected for the research project. It is simply a set of procedures and methods used to carry out a research. Macmillan and Schumacher (1997:n. ) define research methodology as a design whereby a researcher selects data collection instruments and uses analysis procedures to investigate specific research problems. On the other hand, research methodologies according to Powell and Connaway (2004:286-287) refer to strategies urrounding the use of multiple methods of data collection as required by different types of attempts to achieve higher degree of reliability and validity. This involves gathering the opinions of people on a particular topic. Neuman (2000:122) has divided methodology into categories thus quantitative and qualitative.Qualitative research stresses the experiences and meanings of phenomenon. While quantitative puts emphasis on the empirical exploration and explanation of phenomen on, where generalization from the sample to population is the goal (Newman & Benz, 1998 n p). This research will use quantitative and qualitative methods to allow the researcher to get the in-depth information form students on how they are treated in the library. 3. 1 Research Method This basically is the specific method that is used in a research. Social sciences use various methods in research but the common one is survey method.Powell & Connaway (2004:61) define research method as specific means of collecting data. One of the research methods used in social science is survey. Survey is the research strategy where one collects data from all or part of a population to assess the relative ncidence, distribution and interrelations of naturally occurring variables (Powell 2004:61). Aina and AJiferuke (2002:32) observe that a social survey research involves a systematic and comprehensive collection of information about the opinions, attitudes, feelings, beliefs and behavior of people.T herefore this research will use survey method as it is widely used in social sciences, and library and information science being one of them. It is also flexible because a wide range of data can be collected. 3. 2 Target Population According to Powell (2004:84) population is the total of all cases that conform to a re-specified criterion or set of criteria. He further states that the population is the aggregate of units to which one wishes to generalize the results of a research study. Since COM is still young, its population is not as big as its other sister colleges.It has the population of 585 students in its various programs. So this means that the population of this research will be based on the population of the college which is 585 students. The population of the students is presented in table below. Table 1: Population size for students COURSE NUMBER OF STUDENTS Premedical Students 160 Pharmacy Students 71 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS ) Students 298 Medica l Laboratory Science 51 Total number of Students Source: College of Medicine library user's register, May 2010 3. Sampling Methods Sample as defined by Lo Biondo-Wood and Haber (1998:250) is a portion or a subset of research population selected to participate in a study, representing the research population. Stratified simple random will be used to get the participants. In this method the population will be divided into strata. The population of students will be divided according to courses, levels of study, male and female and then selected randomly. The method is advantageous because it guarantees fair representation of different segments of population and biasness is minimized. 3. Sample Size Chowdhury (2008:83) defines sample as the sub-group of a population to be studied. Sample is a small amount of something or quantity or part of something to be used for study in a research. But Powell (2004:193) defines sample as a selection of units from the total population to be studied. Leedy and Ormrod (2005:207) argues that the larger the sample, the smaller the amount of sampling error. However, a larger sample does not guarantee good results if it is not well represented. The sample size of the students will be calculated at 20% to have a good representation.Table 2 below illustrates the sample size. Table 2: Sample size 32 Pharmacy students 14 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Students 59 Medical Laboratory Technology 10 Total number of students 115 3. 5 Research Instruments According to Aina (2004), data collection instruments are instruments used to collect data. Seaman (1991:42) defines data collection instruments as devices used to collect data such as questionnaires, tests, structured interview schedules and checklist. Questionnaires will be used to gather data trom participants tor this study.They have been chosen because they have an advantage of giving respondents an opportunity to respond at their convenient time. Not only that, but are also quick and simple method of reaching a large sample of people. The questionnaires will contain both open and closed ended questions so as to cater for both qualitative and quantitative techniques. 3. 6 Data Collection Procedures Data is information obtained during the course of investigation or study (Polit ; Hungler 1999:267). The questionnaires will be distributed to students who will be dvised not to write their names.The questionnaires will be self-administered by the researcher. 3. 7 Pre-Testing of Research Instruments To ensure reliability and validity, the questionnaires will be tested before distributing them to respondents. 3. 8 Ethical Consideration To ensure confidentiality, all questions will not bear names of the respondents. However, numbers will be assigned on each questionnaire for participants to remain anonymous. As Polit and Hungler (1999:132-134) advise that researchers need to exercise care that the rights of individuals and institutions are safeguarded.Per mission will be sought from the College of Medicine Registrar to conduct the study. And also legal and ethical issues regarding this research will be observed. 3. 9 Data Analysis Data analysis is the technique used to interpret, organize and present data that has been collected. Powell (2004:53) defines data analysis as the process of analyzing the data gathered basically involves coding the responses or placing each item in the appropriate category tabulating the data and performing appropriate statistical computation. The data from questionnaires will be checked and processed using.

Professional Selling Sales Management Product Features Benefits Deconstruction Essays

Professional Selling Sales Management Product Features Benefits Deconstruction Essays Professional Selling Sales Management Product Features Benefits Deconstruction Essay Professional Selling Sales Management Product Features Benefits Deconstruction Essay Professional Selling Sales Management Product Features Benefits Deconstruction and Creation of a Silent Seller’ You are required to do this assignment if you failed assignment 1 Briefing Sheet for Assignment 1 Analytical Step 1. Select any single tangible product OR intangible service of your choice. 2. Secure a brochure or download other product information from the web. 3. Make a list of what you consider to be the most important product features. In this context the cutting pasting’ of narrative information from your source material is allowed. 4.Link your list of features each with a corresponding benefit to form feature / benefit pairs. This analysis and listing will be captured in a Powerpoint slide (refer to slide templates). 5. Perform a benchmark’ comparison between your selected product and either a named single competitor or with similar competitor products in general. Be sure to provide a clear notation of your selected product’s benchmarking as either o’ (equivalent), +’ (better than), or - (worse than)you comparator. Your benchmarking comparison will also be captured in a Powerpoint slide (refer to slide templates). Silent Seller Narrative . Create a general equivalence statement based on your o’s. 7. Create a specific recommendations statement based on your +’s. 8. Highlight which potential objections have been identified based on your -s. 9. Create statement/s as to how you intend to deal with potential objections. Collectively, your silent seller narrative will be captured in a Powerpoint slide (refer to slide templates). Source Material 10. Examples of your source material should be submitted along with your Assignment. So Would I Buy one? 11. The overall level of convincingness of your rationale and recommendation will also be assessed.Mark Allocation 12. Marks will be awarded on the following basis: Slide 1. Your name; your Kingston I. D. number; the name of your chosen product; the name of your benchmark comparator. Slide 2. Your feature / benefit pairs analysis (25%). Slide 3. Your benchmark comparison analysis (25%). Slide 4. Your silent seller narrative (50%) of which the equivalence statement (10%), the recommendations statement (10%), innovation in handling potential objections (20%) and general level of convincingness of your rationale (10%). Submission deadline: 12 noon on Friday 23 August 2013

MLA Referencing †Citing an Edited Book (Proofread My Paper)

MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA referencing offers a simple way of citing sources in a college paper. However, for an edited book, there are some rules you need to remember, especially on the â€Å"† page. First, though, let’s take a quick look at citing sources in the text. In-Text Citations When citing something from an edited book in MLA, give the surname of the author of the section cited and the relevant page number(s) in parentheses: Communication can influence an individual’s expectations (Smith 253). As with other source types, you do not need to repeat the name of the author in citations when they’re already named in the text: According to Smith, communication is â€Å"one of the means by which an individual can influence another individual’s expectations† (253). The only time you’ll need to cite the editor or editors is when citing an edited volume as a whole, but this would be unusual most of the time. The Page (Chapter from an Edited Book) MLA requires that all sources cited are listed in a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. When citing a single chapter from an edited book, the format to use is: Author Surname, Forename. â€Å"Chapter Title.† Edited Book Title, edited by Editor’s Name, Publisher, Year, Page Range. As such, the essay used in the examples above would appear as: Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Readings in Animal Cognition, edited by Mark Bekoff and Dale Jamieson, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 243-55. The Page (Multiple Chapters) This format differs slightly if you’re citing several chapters from the same edited book, as MLA referencing allows you to cross-reference entries to save repeating information. This involves first adding a separate entry in the â€Å"† list for the volume as a whole: Editor Surname, Forename, editor(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. If a book has multiple editors, you only need to invert the names of the first author. We would therefore list Readings in Animal Cognition as: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. After this, each essay from the edited volume can be listed separately, mentioning the editor(s) of the edited book and page range to show where they come from: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. Gruen, Lori. â€Å"Gendered Knowledge? Examining Influences on Scientific and Ethological Inquiries.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 17-27. Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 243-55. Thornhill, Randy. â€Å"The Study of Adaptation.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 107-27. Finally, remember to maintain alphabetical order by surname throughout your â€Å"† page. This order must be used even if it means that chapters from an edited book aren’t listed together.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard The surname Howard possibly comes from the Norman name Huard or Heward which derives from German elements like hug heart, mind, spirit and hard hardy, brave, and strong. While the origins of the surname are unclear, it is theorized that it holds an English background from the Anglo- Scandinavian name Haward with derives from Ol Norse elements like h ‘high’ varà °r meaning guardian and warden. Huard or Heward is also thought to be one of the origins of the Norman-French personal name of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century. Additionally, there is a background of the surname Howard in relation to Irish with Gaelic notations. Howard is the  70th most popular surname  in the United States. One popular alternate surname spelling is Hayward. Discover genealogy resources, famous notable people, and three other possible surname origins aside from  English  below. Surname Origins Several possible origins for the Howard surname include the following: Derived from the Old Germanic name hugihard, denoting one strong of heart, or very brave.Derived from Germanic term howart, meaning high chief, warden, or chief warden.From hof-ward, the keeper of a hall Notable Persons Ron Howard:  American actor, producer, and director who got his start on The Andy Griffith Show and Happy Days.Dwight Howard:  American NBA basketball player playing center for the Houston Rockets.Bryce Dallas Howard:  Daughter of the film director Ron Howard and actress known for her role on the show Parenthood, directed by her father. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Howard Family Genealogy Forum  Search this popular genealogy forum for the Howard surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Howard queryFamilySearch - Howard GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Howard surname and its variations.Howard Surname Family Mailing Lists  RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Howard surname.Cousin Connect - Howard Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Howard, and sign up for free notification when new Howard queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Howard Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Howard. To look for the meaning of a given name, use the resource First Name Meanings. If you are unable to find your last name listed, you can suggest  a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings and Origins. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Managing people and organisations - Strategic human resource Essay

Managing people and organisations - Strategic human resource management - Essay Example On the other hand, outsourcing persists in the 21st century because it ensures that non-core functions of an organisation are carried out by external parties and this allows a business to focus on its core commitments (Morgan, 2008 p26). This means that in the conflict between human resource challenges and the role outsourcing will exist into the foreseeable future. This paper examines the elements, features and components of outsourcing in the context of human resource management. It analyses the unexpected costs and competitions that arises from outsourcing. It does examine the failures of outsourcing, challenges of outsourcing in relation to human resource strategy alignments as well as the tangible and intangible consequences of outsourcing. The paper will also touch on other aspects of human capital that is affected by outsourcing like the learning and development of employees in relation to innovation, job security matters as well as contractual issues and matters. 2.0 Alignmen t of HR Strategies and Patterns in Outsourcing Outsourcing intervenes in the overall strategy of an organisation as well as specific departments of organisations. Firms choose to outsource components of their operations because of some cost advantages and/or strategic benefits. The advantages that outsourcing brings to an organisation include; allowing staff to focus on their core areas, attainment of key strategic objectives, lowering and stabilising costs, responsiveness to market conditions and reductions in costs (Kleim, 1999: Quinn, 1999). In spite of these advantages, outsourcing comes with some inherent costs and obvious disadvantages which can affect the overall strategy of an organisation. This include over-dependence on outsiders, hidden costs and contract issues, loss of control and motivational/commitment issues on the part of employees from the external firm (Currie & Willcocks, 1997). The costs and benefits of outsourcing are quite enormous. Although some of them are o bvious, others are hidden. These dynamics have a strong and significant effect on the human resource strategy of an organisation. 2.1 Elements of HR Strategy Human Resource strategy is a component of corporate strategy. It involves three main elements: 1. Long term plans 2. It affects the whole organisation and 3. It involves top level managers (Tribus, 1987). This implies that human resource strategy is determined by senior management of an organisation like directors and other senior HR executives in the organisation. In the practical sense, HR strategy is the concern of the Human Resource Manager and it is determined by the wider views and strategies of the CEO and the Board of Directors. Additionally, the activities of some of the committees of the board of directors affect the components and operation of the human resource unit of a business. Secondly, HR strategy has long term implications. In other words it involves plans and policies that are created for a period of over 7 y ears. This include blueprints on how employee concerns must be identified and resolved. Furthermore, HR strategy affects the entire organisation. The strategic plans and objectives of the HR department are meant to determine the actions of different parts of the organisation including the various employees and management. Human resource management intervenes with organisational strategy,

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, Research Paper

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Do you think that such laws are effective If so, why If not, why not - Research Paper Example Numerous attempts have been made by the United States to make sure that regulatory systems exist to control monopolistic entities and aggressively enterprising organizations. This control is geared towards not only protecting consumers, but also smaller business trying to grow. Numerous laws have been enacted over the years, for example, the Clayton Act to work towards preventing monopolies. Collectively the laws are referred to as antitrust legislation. This paper investigates the effectiveness of such laws within the United States. The courts have a tendency of being vague when it comes to antitrust regulations. According to the legal systems, thee antitrust laws are intended for the promotion and preservation of competition and enterprise system that is free (Blaisdell, 2008). This vague definition does not do much to enlighten one who wants to know about the laws or is doing business and wants to abide by them. There is no clear layman explanation of these laws and their application. The only way one can have a better understanding of the antitrust laws is by looking at the ruling of cases heard before. The reality of the matter is that interpreting these laws whether in theory or practically can lead to wrong conclusions. The interpretation of the laws by the legal infrastructure make one assumption that the independence of buyers and sellers in the business decision making process encourages completion. The decisions can be made by competitors who will agree on market shares, product restrictions among other things. If these decisions are made independent of the consumer, they might end up suffering as they are not involved in the decision making process. The exclusion of the customer needs within the decisions made by companies may end up limiting choice. The decisions made by the companies may be legally sound but logically, they are hindering the intent of the competition. There is a necessity to set up robust infrastructure to ensure that antitrust

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos Essay

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos In the Internet - Essay Example This essay stresses that in the modern world, with the advances of the technology, the infringement of copyright law is taking place not only in the real life but in the World Wide Web as well. In comparison with the real life, where infringing materials can be destroyed and their authors punished, the internet cannot be shut down. Therefore, it is often used for illegal purposes. The materials infringed can be of various characters: be it musical files, films, sound recording or photographs. This research paper will focus on one type of the works, namely works of photographers. This paper makes a conclusion that the study will, therefore, elaborate the copyright law on infringement in different countries and the loopholes attached with it. The different types of infringements will be discussed in the paper. For instance, Primary infringement stands for ‘the copying of a work, making available to the public and adaptation of it’ and secondary infringement involves ‘dealings with infringing copies through acts of importation, sale, or other distribution’. There are a number of stock photo companies on the internet and significantly, a good number of people have been fined for copying and using the photographs from the web without buying them. Earlier researches are also a proof of it. Despite such fines and checks, the illegal usage of images, designs and text goes unabated. This report has looked at the illegal publishing of photos on the internet and the problems that authors of those photos often have to deal with.

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay - 5

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example The Northern states put an end to slavery by the 19th century (Peck 34). Both American and Britain banned slave trade in their countries. As a politician associated to the Republican Party, I strongly supported Lincoln’s idea of eradicating both slavery, as well as the slave trade. By 1860, a majority of northerners became aggravated at the Souths firmness for slavery to be lawful in the Western territories. People in the West and North saw slavery as a unit that needed to be overpowered (Peck 36). The Republican Party argued that the only way slave trade could be conquered was through abolishing it. The Democratic Party supported the South’s use of black Republicanism. The pro-slavery group, created by the Democratic Party, portrayed that the slave trade was gaining power to the United States economy (Peck 36). The risk of slavery growing was a cause of the anti-slavery group in the North. The conspiracy was that the control of the government is exercised by a moderately small number of individuals. The Democratic Party had a common interest in embracing slavery and the slave trade in the South, but the Republican Party did not want to embrace these factors. The Slave Power was an upper crust that alleged slavery was not ethically wrong, but instead a right of the slaveholder. We, North politicians believed that there was a conspiracy amongst the Southern slaveholders to force slavery upon the country. They wanted to wipe out civil liberty, extend slave trade into the territories, perk up the slavery and control the laws of the Federal government. Different opinions from the Northerners, a majority Southerners, viewed slaves as assets of the slaveholder and considered slavery as a Constitutional and legal factor (Peck 38). The slave scheme did not hand out power equally for slaveholders often prohibited state legislatures, media, and education along with economic policies.

Involving Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Involving Parents - Essay Example After successfully contacting and personally interviewing a citizen academy official, I was able to obtain substantial information on the measures and plans that they put in place to ensure an effective partnership and participation of culturally and linguistically parents in their organization. The first question I posed to the official was on the approximate number of CLD parents who participate in the organization. Unfortunately, the official did not have an exact figure of the number of CLD parent in participation in citizens Academy. However, according to the views received from the official, it was evident that only a few CLD parents are involved despite the organization’s effort for equal representation of all CLD parents in the Academy despite regardless of cultural and linguistic diversity. The last meeting that was held, the official revealed to me that only five families precipitated. Regarding the groups from which the parents come from, it was evident that a number of diversified groups are represented in the organization. The groups of parents, as retrieved from the interview, are from the Louisa county public health, the university of Lowa, Columbus junction lion’s club, family credit union, Columbus junction police department, and the united Presbyterian church. CLD parent in Citizen Academy participate in a various ways to ensure that all issues and questions they raise are appropriately answered. The major participation of the parents is through the attendance of frequent held meetings held by the organization. The organization also holds field trips to various destinations, which provide a medium for the parents to participate actively. The concerns from the CLD parents are mainly because of the diversity in cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The unique characteristic raising a major concern is that the parents are refugees from underdeveloped countries, who are new to the region; hence are

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay - 5

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example The Northern states put an end to slavery by the 19th century (Peck 34). Both American and Britain banned slave trade in their countries. As a politician associated to the Republican Party, I strongly supported Lincoln’s idea of eradicating both slavery, as well as the slave trade. By 1860, a majority of northerners became aggravated at the Souths firmness for slavery to be lawful in the Western territories. People in the West and North saw slavery as a unit that needed to be overpowered (Peck 36). The Republican Party argued that the only way slave trade could be conquered was through abolishing it. The Democratic Party supported the South’s use of black Republicanism. The pro-slavery group, created by the Democratic Party, portrayed that the slave trade was gaining power to the United States economy (Peck 36). The risk of slavery growing was a cause of the anti-slavery group in the North. The conspiracy was that the control of the government is exercised by a moderately small number of individuals. The Democratic Party had a common interest in embracing slavery and the slave trade in the South, but the Republican Party did not want to embrace these factors. The Slave Power was an upper crust that alleged slavery was not ethically wrong, but instead a right of the slaveholder. We, North politicians believed that there was a conspiracy amongst the Southern slaveholders to force slavery upon the country. They wanted to wipe out civil liberty, extend slave trade into the territories, perk up the slavery and control the laws of the Federal government. Different opinions from the Northerners, a majority Southerners, viewed slaves as assets of the slaveholder and considered slavery as a Constitutional and legal factor (Peck 38). The slave scheme did not hand out power equally for slaveholders often prohibited state legislatures, media, and education along with economic policies.

TMA02 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TMA02 - Essay Example The propaganda of the Reformation started through Lucas Cranach also known as the Elder who is one of Martin Luther’s closest friends and also a publicist of some sort considering the era. He published a pamphlet with 26 woodcuts an illustrated Passional Christi and Antichristi that each had comments written by Philip Melanchton. It was an attack on the pope which identifies the pope as an Antichrist and contrasts it to the true Christ. It had since become a popular antipapal document which was reprinted a number of times with different editions. An example of this image depicts Christ driving out the greedy from the church on the left while on the right is an image of the Antichrist seated in a throne with opulent jewelry together with bishops and cardinals offering various extravagances for his desire (last name author year, pp. 18-19). It is one the Reformation’s greatest weapon that its main catalyst, Martin Luther, was adept in writing and communicating with the common people. Although he was already excommunicated in October of 1529, he still enjoyed freedom because of Frederick the Wise’s patronage. His pamphlets originally written in German allowed for his ideas to be expressed clearly to the readers while they are simultaneously being entertained. The lectures and sermons which he has authored became very popular and boundless in terms of societal status. He continued to preach and deliver sermons amidst all his works. Another action that the Reformists took which contributed to their success includes their use of the vernacular during their sermons for the people to better understand their ideas. These men were also defied authorities when some of them had a knack for translating the bible in their own languages. This was something unprecedented as the Latin form was the sole language of the r eligion. This is founded on their belief that their

Football Essay Essay Example for Free

Football Essay Essay Football is a complex sport with many specifications, and although millions of people watch football, not all of them understand what is truly â€Å"behind the scenes† of each game. When thinking of a football game normally the different teams come to mind or a particular athlete stands out, but football is much more than that. There are more people than just the athletes that are involved with a football game, including the coaches of the teams, referees who call the shots, trainers who build up the athletes’ skill levels, and last the fans who support the teams. Each player is equipped with a type of â€Å"armor† they must wear to protect themselves. The rules of the game can be hard to comprehend until you become physically involved in a football match, but reading the rules may give a decent understanding of how football is played. Although football may be one of the most highly watched sports, there is more to the game than just the flashy jerseys and the bulky player. Who makes up a football team? There are exactly eleven players to a team. Each athlete has a designated position to participate in. Football does not just consist of the players in the game, but also the coaches, referees, the trainers and every single die-hard fan. Coaches assist the athletes in giving them adequate plays to score touchdowns; they push each athlete to their breaking point, because they know that each of them is capable of so much more. Even sometimes coaches are mentors to the rookie athletes, who later on become legends in football. Referees are there to make sure all of the rules are followed and to call out penalties when one of the rules has been broken. Theses game officials, the men on the field we all love to hate, but without these keepers of the rules, a football game could not progress with any sort of structure or sanity. Die-hard fans of football; watch, eat, sleep and live football as a religion, has a designated team or teams that they support and encourage. Fans are a ginormous part of the support the athletes receive. Football Trainers provide the athletes with the experience to preform adequately, medical assistance when injured and the rehabilitation to create star athletes. The over-all support from the individuals’ assistance constructs an athlete. Aside from the people involved in football, it is all too easy to mistakenly think of football as a game of athletics, and nothing more. Football actually encompasses a challenging mental game, paired with strategy and athleticism in order to secure a win. Before you head out to the field, preparing with and without your equipment will help you gear up for a more successful game. Athletes are protected with a type of armor. Football is classified as a contact sport, but it has been more accurately described as a collision sport. Consisting of; shoulder pads, helmet, face mask, chin strap, mouth guard, leg pads and cleats. Every article helps protect the athlete from getting injured. Shoulder pads are one of the most important pieces of equipment, because they allow you to tackle, block and run the football with a reduced risk for injury. As for the helmet attached with a chinstrap and facemask, it is made of hard plastic with foam pads inside to protect the head. Players are not supposed to hit opponents in the head, but the helmet is necessary because players often take shots to the head because the game is played at such a fast pace and players get hit in the head unintentionally. Mouth guards that the players wear can help prevent dental damage, and thigh pads are designed to protect the thigh or quadriceps area on the front of the upper leg, which help players who are frequently tackled and also hip pads are worn as part of a girdle under the pants or they can be attached to the pants with a belt. Linemen often prefer high-top cleats, to give them extra support and stability, while high performance players, such as wide receivers, running backs and defensive backs, will often wear low-cut cleats that are lightweight and allow for more maneuverability. All of this equipment is essential to how football is played. A game starts with the kickoff, the ball is placed on a kicking tee at the defenses thirty-yard line, and a placekicker kicks the ball to the offense. A kick returned to a man from the offense, tries to catch the ball and advance it by running to where he is positioned at the point from when the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays. When a kickoff is caught in the offenses own end zone, the kick returner can either run the ball out of the end zone, or kneel in the end zone to signal a touchback as a sign to stop the play. The ball is then placed on the 20-yard line, where the offense begins play, a play begins with the snap, at the line of scrimmage, where the play begins, and the quarterback loudly calls out a play in code and the player in front of him. The center passes or snaps the ball under his legs to the quarterback, from there the quarterback can throw the ball, hand it off, or run with it, or the quarterback can sometimes the ball to confuse the defense, anyone on the offensive team is allowed to pass the ball as long as the pass is thrown from behind the line of scrimmage. A pass is complete if the ball is caught by another offensive player, usually the wide receiver or tight end, but if the ball hits the ground before someone catches it, it is called an incomplete pass. The defense prevents the offense from advancing the ball by bringing the ball carrier to the ground. A player is tackled when one or both of his knees touch the ground, then play is then over and also ends when a player runs out of bounds. All progress in a football game is measured in yards, the offensive team tries to get as much yardage as it can to try and move closer to the opponents end zone. Each time the offense gets the ball, it has four downs, or chances, in which to gain ten yards. If the offensive team successfully moves the ball ten or more yards, it earns a first down, and another set of four downs. If the offense fails to gain ten yards, it loses possession of the ball, as the defense tries to prevent the offense not only from scoring, but also from gaining the 10 yards needed for a first down. If the offense reaches fourth down, it usually punts the ball or kicks it away. This forces the other team to begin its drive further down the field, but if the offense cannot score a touchdown, they may try to kick a field goal. Football is a very complicated sport with many simple, but important aspects. For most people who enjoy football, they cannot wait until football season starts. The players on the field are told what to do by the coaches, who call different plays, while performing those plays the athletes use the skills obtained from their trainers. Football is a game of strength, ability, and toughness, for it is a very physical and mentally tough gridiron sport. Wearing the protective gear helps these athletes prevent major injuries during the game. Each piece of equipment provides protection to certain parts of the athlete’s body. The rules of football can be complex to understand right away, but become more easier to comprehend once physically engaged in a game.

Women Victims of Violence

Women Victims of Violence Throughout most of the world, more often that not, women are usually the victims of violence. In America violence against women is becoming one of the most prevalent problems. Domestic violence occurs in many homes all over the world. As a crime against women, rape is uniquely horrible in its long-term effects. Many claim that victims of violence deserve what they get. According to the book Gender Crime in the UK most women live their lives in constant fear of being at risk for violence. It was stated that women who have been victims of violence end up having a wide-ranging list of health problems. According to statistics, 1 in 4 women may experience violence in their relationships with men throughout their lifetime. Throughout most of the world, more often that not, women are usually the victims of violence. In America violence against women is becoming one of the most prevalent problems. It has been shown that most of the men committing these crimes against women are not strangers. They are people whom they live, work and/or socialize with. This seems to be linked to the fact that most men want to be in total control at all times and if for some reason they are put in a situation where they arent in total control, then they become violent against their women partners. Domestic violence occurs in many homes all over the world. Usually people have been less likely to report this kind of behavior out of fear of getting their partner in trouble. So they ignore the violence they are facing because they love and care for the person who has been abusing them. Domestic violence in some places is not taking as seriously as in others. Some consider it a private issue that should be dealt with in the priv acy of their home and are less likely to admit if they have it going on in their lives. This thought alone is absolutely ridiculous and must be dealt with immediately. No woman deserves to go through violence whether it is by their husband or a stranger. As a crime against women, rape is uniquely horrible in its long-term effects. The distress it brings is often followed by an abiding sense of fear and shame. Research on risk factors examines the complex relationship of social, cultural, situational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal forces that perpetuate sexual violence. How ever, some researchers have tried to determine whether particular women are more vulnerable to rape and attempted rape. It has been shown that most women who are rape before the age of eighteen are more likely to be rape as an adult just because their self esteem has been shattered and they begin feeling as if they are worthless and of no use. In most cases it seems as if blaming victims for their predicament with violence is the universal thing to do. Rape victims are more often than not; accused of alluring their attacker, causing them to do what they did. Many claim that victims of violence deserve what they got. Many victims feel that the ways they were treated by the authorities, friends and family was just as bad or worse than the actual situation. In many cases it left them feeling alone at the time in which they most needed others. Thus, after a while many women begin to blame their self. They find numerous ways to convince their self that they deserved what ever they got. They usually have no one to turn to, so if there is no other outlet for these women they usually end up turning to alcohol and drugs to rid them of the pain and embarrassment they feel. Since the 1970s and the early 1980s there have been many changes made to the criminal justice system when it comes to dealing with women as victims. Before today, it was not strange for women to be of less importance than there male partner, thus giving him the right to punish her when he thought she was not doing as she should. It wasnt until the womens movement and the victims right movement came along did they take a stand against the criminal justice system, making it mandatory that situations in which men were being violent against women were dealt with right away and not taking for granted. Even though victims would like for police to always arrest on spot, the police sometimes consider the people in which they are dealing with some people may look down on the police for doing this but some may think this is the best way to deal with it. They feel that violence can be described in many ways and not all types of violence should end in arrest; even though some feel that it all sh ould. These are the overall topics of my paper so I will now begin to compare and contrast each topic and how it relates to the United States and the United Kingdom. They are many differences but there are also many similarities between the two countries. Gendering the victim: the extent and nature of violence against women The effects of violence against women After doing research it seems that violence has been used to describe a variety of different behaviors such as, sexual, physical, and emotional assault, murder; stalking sexual harassment; and prostitution. In recent times, violence against women has begun to draw serious attention; the police today are much less lenient than they used to be. According to the book Gender Crime in the UK most women live their lives in constant fear of being at risk for violence. Whether or not the woman has ever been a victim of violence she is still more inclined to feel less safe throughout her life time than the average man. This is why when a woman has indeed had to deal with domestic violence her fear of violence and vulnerability increases so much more. It was stated that women who have been victims of violence end up having an wide-ranging list of health problems. Domestic violence According to, The UK statistics on violence, 1 in 4 women may experience violence in their relationships with men. Severe, repeated and systematic violence occurs in at least 5 of every hundred marriages in Britain; Between 40 and 45% of murdered women are killed by their male partners; Between 1 and 2 women are murdered by their male partners every week; more than 25% of all violent crime reported to the police is domestic violence of men against women, making it the second most common violent crime: 100,000 women per year seek treatment in London for violent injuries received in the home 30,000 women and children stay in refuges in the UK every year; In Wolverhampton, UK, 1 in 6 women had suffered some form of domestic abuse; One quarter of all assaults are in domestic circumstances. Attrition in rape According to (Gender Crime 2008) In the UK, it seems that there have been high rates of rape, yet low rates of conviction. Of all serious crimes it seems as though this crime is the least dealt with. These rapists are not getting put behind bars their cases are being dropped in the initial investigation stages and nothing further is being done. Police are have been getting attacked about the amount of rape cases that they have been just letting slide by. Depending on where you live in the UK the number of rape cases the end in conviction vary. There is a disproportionate amount of support services for people who have been raped. In the United States also referred to as the rape culture, it seems that rape is it seems rape statistics are as follows: According to the FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1 out of every 4 women has been raped. There were 102,560 reported rapes or attempted rapes in 1990. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that 130,000 women were victims of rape in 1990. The Justice Department says that 8 percent of all American women will be victims of rape or attempted rape in their lifetime. From an interview sample of 4,008 women, the study projected that there were 683,000 rapes in 1990. Statistics have shown that in America 12.1 million American women, has or will be the victim of forcible rape sometime throughout her lifetime. Reconceptualizing domestic violence as torture The role of the Criminal Justice System in protecting women In the legal area, class action civil suits against police responded more slowly and with less seriousness to violent crimes committed between non strangers than they did to stranger crimes. Finally, social science researchers published scientific evidence claiming that arrest was more effective in deterring domestic violence than were other police responses, a development that fell neatly in line with the already growing demands for more rigorous criminal justice system intervention. As has already been stated, in the past police have been more lenient on certain types of violence but now they have been immediate in their response. Just about every violence against women report received; ends in an arrest. Statistics on law enforcement (Commission on Domestic violence) Approximately 60% of family violence victimizations were reported to police between 1998 and 2002, up from about half between 1993 and 1998. Among felony assault defendants convicted in State courts, 45% of persons sent to prison for family assault received a sentence of more than 2 years, compared to 77% of non-family assault offenders sent to prison. Federal courts convicted 90% of defendants adjudicated for an interstate domestic violence offense. Black women (67%) reported their victimization to police at significantly higher percentages than black men (48%), white men (45%), and white women (50%). No difference in white male and female percentages reporting emerged (45% versus 50%). Hispanic females reported intimate partner violence to the police at higher percentages than did non-Hispanic females (65% versus 52%). Among victims of violence by an intimate partner, the percentage of women who reported the crime was greater in 1998 (59%) than in 1993 (48%). In conclusion we can see that the United States and the United Kingdom have very similar statistics and ways in which they handle things. Laws seem to differ between the countries but other than that there are many similarities. Domestic violence and rape are the same where ever you are. Whether in the US or UK women are still less likely to report domestic violence or rape by someone they know.

The Swing Behind My House :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Swing Behind My House Out behind my house, there is a row of fruit trees. At the end of the row, there is a small open building with a swing inside. Sitting in that swing, I can see off the top of the ridge on which my family lives. When I sit there, looking down past the rows of trees and far into the distance, I realize that the place is mine. It is important to me because it is associated with so many memories, it gives me a place to be alone, and it gives me a chance to be outside in nature. I have grown up living in the same house my whole life, and that swing has been there for as long as I can remember. I have so many memories of that place. Some of my best memories have been very recent. Before we were dating, my girlfriend and I would sit out there for long periods of time just talking. Now that place is full of memories of Karen. Even now it is comforting to sit there because it reminds me of those times. However, memories of my girlfriend are not the only memories that place holds. Growing up, I have spent time there with both friends and family. I even have memories of sitting there alone, contemplating my life's events. In fact, being alone is one of the reasons I go there so much. Having time alone is very important to me. It gives me a chance to think clearly without being interrupted. It seems as if there are now fewer and fewer places where that is possible. No one can bother me there. No one can yell at me, argue with me, or annoy me at all. I guess this place helps to keep me from going crazy. I think everyone needs some time alone. I know I do. Another wonderful quality about my spot on that swing is the fact that it is outside. It is out in the fresh air and natural light and away from technology. I never bring a cell phone or laptop there. I feel as if technology would somehow corrupt the natural beauty of the spot. I do not need to worry about telephones, cell phones, or e-mails in that spot. The beauty of nature is enough for me. It helps me to clear my mind and gives me time to reflect on what is really important in my life.

Great Expectationsâ€Parents Molding Children After Their Own Expectations Essay

Dickens’ Great Expectations portrays the lives of different people throughout various levels of society and how they all react to their own condition. The past is always haunting the characters’ lives and, in most cases, it even determines the course of their future existence. It is inevitable to see in the story how some characters, playing the role of parents, define the lives of others, especially children, causing indelible consequences. Thus parents must not mold children after their own purposes and expect them to be someone different from whom they truly desire to be. This is one of the major mistakes we see in the novel made by characters such as Miss Havisham and Magwitch, who pretend to outline the lives of others. Pip’s life has always been influenced and affected by various people. Some want the best for him and others the worst. His parents died since he was very young and this forced him to live with his aunt and uncle. The fact that he lived most of his life without his biological parents is important because it allowed other people to raise him up. Eventually, his life was completely transformed when someone decided to expect great things from him. First of all, we meet Mrs. Joe, an oppressive, unaffectionate, self-righteous woman who is always congratulating herself for having taken care of Pip and for being the only responsible one who â€Å"brought him up by hand† (Dickens 27). We could assume that this term refers to the difficulties she encounters as she fulfills the role of being a mother to Pip. It was not an easy job, especially because Mrs. Joe didn’t have any other children and so didn’t know what motherhood really was. It is very probable that Mrs. Joe was also beaten up as a child and brought up by hand. As a result she is doing the same thing with Pip instead of learning from the past and improving the next generation. Thus since the beginning of the novel Dickens shows us how some adults are molding children after their own purposes and bringing then up as they were once brought up. As Pip grew up the opportunity of going to Satis House opens a new chapter in his life. Mr. Pumblechook and Mrs. Joe decided for him due to the fact that they never asked him if he wanted to go. Once more we may see hoy the life of this child was determined and shaped by those around him. When he goes to Satis House, both the narrator and the reader, meet one of the most important characters of the story, Miss Havisham. She is a mad, vengeful, and wealthy dowager. We would expect from her a lavish lifestyle, but the truth is she lives in an ancient rotting mansion and wears an old wedding dress all the time. The reason for this is that her life is completely altered when she was rejected and abandoned by Compeyson on what should’ve been their wedding day. From that time on, Miss Havisham determines herself to remain in that depressive and melancholic state, and never go beyond her heartbreak. It is this unfortunate event in Miss Havisham’s life that ignites her evil desire of obtaining revenge from men. Thus when she adopts Estella the opportunity to fulfill her execrable purposes opens up. As a result, with obsessive cruelty, she takes care of Estella and raises her as a weapon to achieve her own personal revenge on men. She doesn’t care if Estella’s life is ruined or if she ends up breaking noble hearts, such as Pip’s. All she wants is to get even with men because of that one man who broke her heart. Yet is it moral for a parent to destroy his child’s life in this way? Is it correct for parents to decide what type of life their children should experience for the rest of their existence? Should parents desire to live out their own purposes in their children’s lives? We may see that Miss Havisham answered positively to all of these questions and ended up destroying her future and Estella’s. Likewise, Pip’s future is not determined by himself, but by someone else. When Mr. Jaggers arrives with the news that Pip has a benefactor who wants to make him a gentleman, all expectations change and Pip departs to build up his new life. However, he made several mistakes and misspent most of his money. As a result he entered into debt and began to live an unsustainable lifestyle. We can see that this is the effect of never being taught how to administer money and spent it correctly. Later on when Pip meets the convict, Magwitch, after a long period of time since the marshes, he realizes who his benefactor truly was. All those years Pip had thought that Miss Havisham was his benefactor in order for him to marry Estella. However, Pip discovers the truth through Magwitch and feels embarrassed of it. We can thus comprehend that Pip’s future is not a consequence of his own actions, but it is the result of someone else’s desire to make him a gentleman. What is fascinating is that the night Pip meets the convict again, he realizes who truly had great expectations for him. Magwitch declares, â€Å"Yes, Pip, dear boy, I’ve made a gentleman on you! It’s me wot has done it†¦I own a gentleman†¦I’m your second father. You’re my son – more to me nor any son† (Dickens 293).

Carrier Corporation

History of the air-conditioner Air-conditioner was invented based on invention of refrigerator. The history was told that the Chinese were the first to store natural ice and snow to cool wine and other delicacies. Evidence has been found that ice cellars were used as early as 1000 B. C. in China. Early Greeks and Romans also used underground pits to store ice. Ancient people of Egypt and India cooled liquids in porous earthen Jars. Ice was produced due to vaporization of water through the wall of these Jars, radiating heat nto the night air.In 18th and 19th centuries, natural ice was cut from lakes and ponds in the winter in northern climates and stored underground for use in warmer months. In early 20th century the same method was used but stored in open ice houses for businesses and to delivered homes to homes. At first, in 1823, Michael Faraday discovered that certain gasses under constant pressure will condense when they cool. Secondly, in 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used dripping ammonia to produce cooling. Thirdly, in 1856, Australian inventor JamesHarrison, used ammonia on experimental basis but used ether in the equipment that was previously constructed. Then, in 1902, Willis Carrier, the â€Å"Father of Air- Conditioner† designed humidity control for a new air-cooling system and pioneered modern air conditioning. Willis Carrier also originated the carrier equation upon which the psychometric chart and all air conditioning is based. Later, 1906, Stuart Cramer, engineer in North Carolina, invented a ventilating machine that add water vapor to the air of textile plants. The wetness makes the fiber easily spin and ardly to break.He's the first to call this process â€Å"air conditioning†. During 1914, air- conditioner was officially used at home for the first time. Next in 1931, individual room air conditioning that sits on a window ledge was invented by J. Q. Sherman and H. H. Schultz The air conditioner was available to purchase in 1932. Packard invented the first ever air-conditioned car in 1939. The air conditioner controller on the dashboard was invented later. After that, the United States built first power plant to handle development electrical load of air conditioner in 1942.

Catastrophic Predictions Essay

The most recent predictions were observed on the date December 21, 2012; for which the Mayan calendar ran out. Other prediction statements involved the earth being centered in the middle of the Milky Way and the planets becoming lined in such a manner that would affect the earth’s polarity. There have been a countless amount of catastrophic disaster predictions foretold for many years. Even some famous individuals like Nostradamus have made predictions that caused panic and havoc amongst believers. Incidentally, most predictions are challenged by scientist; to prove that they are truly false statements and can be provide evidence against them. So, why do we want to assume the worst before hearing all the facts? Catastrophic predictions for December 21, 2012; expressed the concerns that doomsday or Armageddon were at hand. Two of the most popular predictions were the Mayan calendar and the planetary alignment. Between the two predictions several individuals have derived a conclusion; that on a certain date changes in our earth’s astrological makeup will be involved in changing our lives. Now, does that mean the end of time as we know it or just an event which occurs in cycles? In the course of scientific evaluations; each element has been logically examined to provide answers to contradict the beliefs that these predictions will be the end of times. Scientists and historians working together can explain the prediction of the ancient calendar of the Mayans. The Mayan calendar is about to end its cycle and the new beginning arrives on December 21, 2012. Doomsday believers feel that the Mayan’s stone calendar is the real thing this time. These believers feel that the government is withholding the truth. In fact, the Mayan calendar differs from our current system that we use today. Our calendar holds only twelve months per cycle year. The Mayan calendar is often referred to as the Calendar Round. â€Å"The Calendar Round covers a time period equal to 52 solar years or 73 ritual years. The time is significant because in every Calendar Round all the possible combinations of haab and tzolkin cycles will have been experienced and they will re-synchronize at the same starting point (Bellenir, 2004).† Scientific explanations for this prediction of the end of days show that it has been misunderstood by many individuals. Basically, the haab cycle consist of eighteen months of twenty days per month and an additional five days at the end of the cycle (Lewin , 2011). Each day in the haab months is given a name from the tzolkin list. It is similar to our list of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. The exception is that the zolkin list has unique names for each one of the twenty days. Evidence dated during a prior Mayan calendar ending cycle has been found. The theory of climate change could be observed in the discovery. Scientists are researching what seems to be a plant that once lived during a previous Mayan calendar cycle. â€Å"5,200-year-old plants flash frozen. Millennia ago when the last great calendar cycle of the Mayan came to an end, rapid climate change shook up the world and devastated habitats (PR Newswire Association LLC, 2009).† Could there be other evidence that has yet to be found to show what happens during that cycle? Certainly, there will need to be more studies done, but until then, individuals will express their own beliefs and opinions regarding the predictions using the Mayan Calendar. â€Å"The planetary alignment with Earth suddenly at the center of the Milky Way in 2012 — causing untold destruction as the earth’s crust ruptures, seas swamp our coastlines, volcanoes erupt and continental fault lines shatter (Machosky, 2009).† Can planetary alignment really cause the Earth’s magnetic poles to reverse and cause havoc across the planet? Disasters that maybe experienced from such an alignment could result from environmental changes. Followers of this prediction feel that we are already experiencing effects with the Earth’s weather elements and the earthquakes felt around the planet. The polar ice cap is still melting at a slow rate. Could this cause the water level to rise in areas if the poles reverse? Scientists and meteorologists feel that this prediction has will not cause any catastrophic disaster for us. The equinoxes (and solstices) has caused concerns and is often misunderstood when this cycle event happens. â€Å"The Sun is not a pinpoint object and takes some time to cross the galactic equator; they coincide once a year for several years (Stuart, 2011).† Winter solstice was observed on December 21, 2012; which is when the Sun has reached its furthest southern point and starts heading a northerly direction. â€Å"A few days before and after the winter solstice, the change is so slight that the Sun’s path seems to stay the same, or stand still (Yankee Publishing, Inc., 2012).† Does this mean it is a sign of a catastrophic event? No, this happens all the time and our Earth has no drastic affect. Individuals can often seek more reliable proof through specialist. Even the best scholars and scientists will often bump heads during their investigation period of a prediction. The difference between the two groups of specialists is the way they use the â€Å"results base factor†. Scholars will derive their material from proven result factors; along with any theory that is applicable. Scientists mainly need to have actual facts for a proven base result. Both will probe at the task, until satisfied in their findings. It would be hard to keep any catastrophic disaster a secret. Why would they? They have just as much to lose as everyone else if the Earth was going to be in harm’s way. If we take a look back at some of the famous writings of Nostradamus and his prediction materials we would find encoded messages; which have been studied by other scholars even today. â€Å"Nostradamus’s deeply arcane approach; including obscure astrological methods and the use of an esoteric code known as the â€Å"Green Language† (Abbott, Gold, & Rotella, 2000).† Nostradamus did not make it easy to read his predictions and for many years individuals have tried to break the code. His followers believe that much of Nostradamus’s predictions have already happened and that he was gifted with the sight of true predictions. Furthermore, the slightest misdirection or code breaking could result in a false statement predicting that the end is near. Who should we believe when it comes to the facts that a catastrophic disaster is coming our way? Many movies have been created with different outcomes of a catastrophic disaster. Each film is pointing the finger; that we are not prepared enough. The government is in control on the way things will be handled during a catastrophic disaster, even in the moves. We can feel confident that our government would inform us that the world was in danger. They would even have a plan set in place just for such an event. Many individuals have even started their own game plan for action during doomsday. Preparing for any expecting disaster is often taken seriously by individuals believing that the predictions are about to come true. Some believers handle it in different ways; for example: they might have planned to attend a celebration party. Others may celebrate the passing event in private settings. If this sounds familiar, it should because that is what they did on the Millennium (2000). A brief reminder of that prediction was that computers were not going to work. Which turned out to be just a small programming issue and computers still work today. Many bank account customers rushed to withdrew funds; in fear that their money would be lost. What are we afraid of? Is it the not knowing what? Or could it be the not knowing when a disaster will occur that has many getting ready ahead of time? Those individuals who believe in the disaster will shift into a survival mode. Survival supplies are stockpiled for the long duration of the event. The amount of supplies depends on the individual’s needs and type of disaster being observed. Water is one of the major items on the list; both for drinking and cleaning needs. Using special care not to store plastic bottles of water in direct sunlight; for research is still pending on the harm from toxicants produced during prolonged sun exposures (Rogers, 2012). Food and medical supplies are another demand on a stockpile list for survival of a disaster. Having a list ahead of time can help keeping track of the inventory. In addition, individuals may take it even future by seeking out a place to hold out until the disaster is over. Underground shelters have been designed and are in place for safety measures; at a high purchase price. Believers in the catastrophic prediction will gladly spend money on solid, reinforced, deep underground shelters; designed to withstand most disasters. These shelters are equipped with electrical power or self-contained with solar power. The price range depends on the size verse the structure. â€Å"Diameters of 8†², 9†², 10†², 11†² 12†² x 20†² to 50†² lengths are available on custom orders. Prices start at $49,900 (Atlas Survival Shelters, 2012).† This example is for the shelter itself; the property cost is additional. Shelter manufacturers have different floor plans to choose from, remember the buyer could be living in it for a long time. It depends on what you believe in; there is another type of believer and they will reach for the heavens in time of need. Religious communities will often come together to make peace. In times of despair many churches will have gatherings for prayer so members can join together with each other. Past religious cults even had predictions that their group called â€Å"Heaven’s Gate† of 1997 was to meet with a spaceship. That prediction cost thirty nine individuals their lives. Of course, no spaceship ever arrived for them.The news media was quick to report this sad event; massive suicides are common when misadvised individuals want to believe what someone tells them. Once the danger passes the due date; how do we react finding it was indeed another false statement? Some individuals start to unpack their underground shelter and others may keep it ready for the next prediction. While others just feel like it is another day; glad that they disbelieved in the predictions. Everyone has a choice to believe or disbelieve in the predictions. We should be able to give more thought into the research results of specialists; for indeed there are more explanations in favor of nothing going to happen. Another perfect example has passed by on â€Å"December 21, 2012† for the outcome has been proven that in view of the scientific spectrum no evidence occurred that put us in danger of existence. Future false statements will be tested each time by professionals and facts will be shared openly to us all. Giving us a safe and secure feeling to continue our daily lives; until next time. References Abbott, C., Gold, S. F., & Rotella, M. (2000). The Secrets Of Nostradamus: A Radical New Interpretation of the Master’s Prophecies. Retrieved 2012, from Publishers Weekly: http://www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/197051024?accountid=40833 Atlas Survival Shelters. (2012). Galvanized Corrugated Pipe. Retrieved from Atlas Survival Shelters: http://www.atlassurvivalshelters.com/aboutus/nbc/corrugated/ Bellenir, K. (2004). In Religious Holidays & Calendars. Retrieved from Credo Reference: http://www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/ogirholidays/the_mayan_and_aztec_calendars Lewin , N. (2011). The Haab. Retrieved from THE MAYAN TRADITION – THE OTHERS CALENDARS: http://www.4-ahau.com/en/The_Haab.html Machosky, M. (2009). Apocalypse now? Well, more like, three years from now. Retrieved 2012, from ProQuest: http://www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/457147731?accountid=40833 PR N ewswire Association LLC. (2009). What if the Maya Were Right and Doomsday is Just Around the Corner? National Geographic Channel Investigates the Science Behind Ancient Clues in 2012: Countdown to Armageddon. Retrieved 2012, from ProQuest: http://www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/447787532?accountid=40833 Rogers, C. D. (2012). Are Clear Water Bottles Safe for Sun Exposure? Retrieved from National Geographic Society: http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/clear-water-bottles-safe-sun-exposure-20417.html Stuart, D. (2011). The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth about 2012. Retrieved from Gale Science in Context: http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Journals&disableHighlighting=false&search_within_results=&prodId=SCIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CA263992162&userGroupName=lirn_crevc&jsid= Yankee Publishing, Inc. (2012). First Day of Winter 2012: The Winter Solstice. Retrieved from The Old Farmer’s Almanac: http://www.almanac.com/content/first-day-winter-winter-solstice

Discuss how eukaryotic organisms came into existence Coursework

Discuss how eukaryotic organisms came into existence - Coursework Example The study of the origin of the eukaryotes is a dynamic branch of this science, and much research has taken place in order to try and explain the development of this unique and structurally and functionally distinct class of organisms (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006). There are many theories and models regarding this debate, and many of those models are conflicting in nature (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006). This paper purports to discuss the most commonly accepted and relevant models of the origin of eukaryotes, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, and presenting a conclusion about the needs for future research into this field, and the specific parameters that should be aimed for in that future research. Discussion/Body: Let us begin our discussion with an understanding of a eukaryotic organism. The eukaryotic organisms, as opposed to the prokaryotic cells, have originated rather recently in the history of evolution (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006). ... is no structurally developed control center like the nucleus of the eukaryotes (White, 2006), and the organelles, if present, are simple and non-membranous (White, 2006). Such organisms had the capability of surviving in the harshest of environments, as was necessary in the early development of the world’s ecosystems (White, 2006). They reproduced by simple binary fission (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006) and could metabolise with or without the availability of oxygen (White, 2006), using a variety of chemicals as substrates for metabolism. In contrast, the eukaryotes are defined by the presence of a well-defined nucleus, which is membrane bound (White, 2006). There are a variety of organelles, which are complex in nature and many are also membrane-bound (White, 2006); the division of labour is enhanced and made more efficient in the eukaryotes (White, 2006). Such organisms are increasingly oxygen-dependent (White, 2006), and have a reduced capability to withstand extremes of enviro nments, requiring a more stable environment around them (White, 2006). There is a general consensus of scientific opinion that the eukaryotes came into being by the ‘fusion’ (Rivera & Lake, 2004) or ‘association’ (Rivera & Lake, 2004) of different prokaryotic organisms (Rivera & Lake, 2004). Unfortunately, the consensus of opinion is limited till here. From this conjecture, several theories have arisen in an effort to best explain the behavior of eukaryotes, both genetically and phenotypically. Two of the most common models are the ‘nucleus and mitochondria co-origin’ (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006) model and the ‘nucleus-first, mitochondria-later’ (Bacterial phylogeny, 2006) model. Let us study the co-origin model first. Scientists supporting the co-origin model claim that a fusion

MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MRI - Essay Example Slice thickness, is one important parameter, which divides the body part being examined into sections of varying width or thickness. The result of examination depends on the slice thickness. If it happens to be a minute problem, then the slice thickness will be small, because a larger slice thickness might result in erasing small lesions or pathologies. MRI is mainly used to look into the brain and the nervous system of human body to figure out the inconsistencies using the functional magnetic resonance imaging, as these parts happen to be the most delicate parts of human body. Prasad (2005, 292) states that the 'MR images are in effect computer generated visual reconfigurations of physical data such as the relaxation times of hydrogen atoms that are found abundantly in the body.' More than two third of our body is made up of hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen exists in different forms in our body. For example water (H2O), consisting of two H atoms and one O, makes up about 70 percent of human body. In addition Hydrogen atoms are also present in the tissues and fat present in human body. When magnetic energy is sent into our body using radio frequencies, the hydrogen atoms absorb the magnetic rays and send out the same magnetic energy, depending upon the extent of magnetisation. As the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms happen to be in the form of small magnets, so when the magnetic fields change in their surroundings, they respond accordingly. This movement is recorded by the MRI equipment which in turn is analysed by the healthcare professionals to decipher the exact composition. As the experiments started off with an emphasis on nucleus, in early days MRI was known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Since the process itself is stated to involve very small amount of energy, the normal biochemistry of human body is not affected. The key requirements for performing an MRI include; A strong magnetic field through the primary magnet, emanating out of the a magnetic which could be a permanent, resistive or a superconductive Gradient magnets for fine tuning the magnetic fields The scanning table on which the patient is allowed to lie Attached computers and film for taking the printout of the scan The individual who is to undergo MR imaging is allowed to comfortably lie on a sliding table. The table is then slid into a cylindrical structure which is surrounded by the magnets. Once everything is in position, the magnetic field is turned on; this creates a 2-dimensional image of the particular body part of the person on the computer screens. A coil is placed around the body part/ object which is under observation for MRI, exclusively to pick up the signals for the image. Well, just to make things easier a talk-back system is also in put in place so that after the start of clinging sound the patient doesn't feel uncomfortable, and if required he can communicate with the radiologist. The procedure may last for about 25-50 minutes depending upon the requirements and the complexity of the patient condition. There are in general two to six imaging sequences, each lasting for about 10-15 minutes. Since the process involves magnetic fields, it is therefore advised that anybody having m etallic implants in their bodies must inform the radiologist beforehand, so that adequate

Smartphone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smartphone - Essay Example The will be able to produce a cell that can retain charge for a long time and which is appealing to their consumers because of its light weight. The company will incur a cost of ?830,000 to make a slim durable cell. This will enable them to capture the Smartphone market before the Korean rivals. For MidlandsPhones to be able to achieve their targets, they will have to commit a lot of resources to accomplish this undertaking. The company has adequately planned for skilled directors and other staff members to execute the plan (Lewis, 200, p. 65). The aim of the MidlandsPhones Company is to launch their product before the December so that during the vacation, they can be able to make significant sales. Another target is to be the first company to enter into the market with a light and long lasting battery for a Smartphone (Sheila, 2008). Finally, the company will have to carry out thorough market research to ensure they have an adequate potential to meet customers’ requirements. As a result, the company has set aside a lot of resources to complete their project with the set time and achieve their objectives. Getting into the market earlier than before the entry of any other rival is crucial because it will help the MidlandsPhones Company to capture market share and strengthen their competitive potential. This company will also be able to raise enough funds to cover for expenses incurred during research. It will also help them to mitigate the anticipated decline in market growth in the year 2013 as a result of increasing rivalry. The MidlandsPhones Company has partnered with PowerDev Company to ensure the proposed plan has succeeded. They have formed a strong production and marketing team who will avail the product for sale after four months once the project commences. The MidlandsPhones will also be able to utilize the resources available for the project and work within the set time to ensure smooth running of the activities. This will assist them to avoid unnecessary delays which would otherwise result to stiff rivalry from other producers. Having experienced project team is of paramount importance because it will ensure efficiency of resource use and timely launching of the product. Question 2: Reasons for Venture Preparation and Appendices (a). Scope (appendix 1) The project staff should set the time period with which they will achieve their specific goals (Urquhart-Brown, 2008, p. 54). They should also establish qualified project workers which will ensure the set goals are achieved within specified time. In addition, they should utilize all the available resources effectively to ensure the plans are attained. The staff should set the means and frequency of disseminating of information within themselves and with the company’s management to ensure adequate coordination of the activities. The MidlandsPhones will launch the new Smartphone with light and durable battery towards the end of November 2012. To ensure this plan is ac hieved, the company has established a strong establishment staff headed by an experienced production and marketing manager who will direct the members during the entire project period. The project staff will work to ensure the product is ready for market starting on first December 2013. The staff will also mobilize all the available resources to ensure the company’s target is achieved. They will also ensure that the company’